Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits.

Which anatomical term refers to the front of the elbow?

Antecubital

The sternum is ____ to the heart.

Anterior

Why do positive feedback systems that are part of a normal physiological response include some mechanism that terminates the system?

Because positive feedback systems continually intensify or reinforce the original stimulus, some mechanism is needed to end the response.

Conditions regulated by a negative feedback loop include:

Body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar.

Which organ contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

Brain

An embryonic stem cell undergoes ______ to become a neuron.

Differentiation

This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure.

Distal

This is the structure of a feedback system that receives output from the control center.

Effector

What are the four basic types of tissues found in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Frontal

This is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment.

Homeostasis

Describe a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop

Increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch.

Which anatomical term refers to the groin?

Inguinal

The composition of this body fluid, which fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, directly affects the proper functioning of cells.

Interstitial Fluid

The ribs are ______ to the sternum.

Lateral

This directional term means farther from the midline.

Lateral

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

Metabolism

This plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Midsagittal

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

List the levels of structural organization in the human body from largest to smallest

Organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical

What is the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body?

Organismal Level

Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?

Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Which anatomical term refers to the ear?

Otic

This serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

Peritoneum

This is the study of the functions of body structures.

Physiology

The humerus is _____ to the radius.

Proximal

This is the structure of a feedback system that provides input to the control center.

Receptor

What are some common characteristics of a negative feedback system?

Regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods, important in maintaining homeostasis, involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems, and stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus.

Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of

Responsiveness

The heart is _____ to the liver.

Superior

The stomach is ____ to the urinary bladder.

Superior

A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

Superior and Inferior Portions

What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

The difference between negative and positive feedback systems is that in negative feedback systems, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus.

Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions?

The frontal plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions.

Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions?

The parasagittal plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions.

This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Tissue

What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs?

Visceral Pleura

What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback?

When something causes blood pressure to decrease, then heart rate increases due to operation of this negative feedback system.