Chapter 1. Anatomy

place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom. • organ • cell • atom • organ system • organism • tissue

-atom -cell -tissue -organ -organ system -organism

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what?

Physiological variations

Which theory states that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts?

Reductionism

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific method

Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?

Stimuli

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as

auscultation

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?

body temperature

What is the study of more than one species in order to observe their structural similarities and differences called?

comparative anatomy

The study of individual cells is called

cytology

The term for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships is

dissection

Which method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo?

double-blind method

Without the use of energy, matter and energy tend to flow ______.

down gradients

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) ___________ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

dynamic

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

effector

Responsiveness is also known as ______.

excitability

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?

excitability

What type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

gross

What is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?

growth

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called

histology

Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

histopathology

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as

homeostasis

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

hypothesis

What is the act of looking at the body called?

inspection

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, is called a(n)

macromolecule

Blood pressure is controlled by a ________ feedback mechanism

negative

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

observation

What is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?

organelle

Which of the following describes a single complete individual? -Multiple choice question. -Organ system -Organ -Organism -Organelle -Atom

organism

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is

pathophysiology

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

percussion

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

physiological variation

is the study of the function of a biological organism.

physiology

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

positive

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

psychosomatic

_________ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.

radiology

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

receptor

What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?

theory

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

tissue

An organelle is best described as which of the following?

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function

In which of the following does a surgeon learn a procedure on animals before practicing on humans?

Comparative physiology

Which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?

Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as

baroreceptors

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is

experimenter bias

The practice of diagnosing illness by opening a body is known as what type of surgery?

exploratory

________surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.

exploratory

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

fact

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

false

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

false

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological

gradient

If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) ______.

healthy 22-year-old

What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?

homoeostasis

A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave is called a _______ of nature

law

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

negative

What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

organ

Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?

palpation