Chapter 1 Cognitive Dissonance

Process

An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, is then moved to "short term" memory, and finally is pushed into "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, is an example of a(n) ________ model.

Cognition

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of:

Cognitive dissonance may be a mechanism for repentance.

Based on our understanding of material in this course, what could we conclude about the relationship between cognitive dissonance and the gospel?

Positive Reinforcers

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.

Observable behavior

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of:

1956

What year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science? (Pick the closest year.)

People can focus on one message and ignore the other one.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?

A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

Decision Making

Donders' main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study:

Less than one second

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.

Structural

Douglas is working on a project for his cognitive psychology class. He​ builds a plastic model of the human brain, paints each major structure a different color, and constructs a "map" that shows which functions are controlled by which brain component. Douglas's project is working from a(n) ________ model of cognitive psychology.

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they:

Created proofs for problems in logic.

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program:

Presentation

Reaction time refers to the time between the ______ of a stimulus and person's response to it.

An inborn biological program.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by:

Classical Conditioning

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.

The "cognitive revolution":

Inferred from the participant's behavior.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be:

Wilhelm Wundt.

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was:

Operant Conditioning

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (i.e., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (i.e., shock) is best known as:

Analytic Introspection

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as:

Cognitive task and the mental response

The relationship between the _____ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.

All of the Above: Conflict between a thought and a behavior. Conflict between two thoughts. Conflict between two behaviors.

What is cognitive dissonance?

All of these Options Often unaware of it. Uncomfortable. Motivated to change.

When we experience cognitive dissonance in our personal lives, we are:

Structural models and process models.

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?​

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior.

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?

It produces variable results from person to person.

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

Three-letter nonsense words

Which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiment discussed in your text?

B.F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

Computers

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of: