Chapter 1 CPCE- Human Growth & Development
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists... a. emphasize id processes. b. refute the concept of the superego. c. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists
C. believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. The id is the seat of sex and aggression. It is not rational or logical. The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. The term superego in choice "b" refers to the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality. The radical behaviorists do not believe in concepts like the id, the ego, and the superego.
Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are... a. psychometric. b. psychodiagnostic. c. psychopharmacological. d. psychosocial.
D. Psychosocial The Freudian stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) emphasize sexuality. Erik Erikson's eight stages (e.g., trust vs. mistrust or integrity vs. despair) focus on social relationships and thus are described as psychosocial.
Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels... a. 6, 3 b. 6, 6 c. 3, 6 d. 3, 3
a. 6 stages and 3 levels. Preconventional Level with Stage 1, Punishment/Obedience Orientation, and Stage 2, Naive Hedonism (also called instrumental or egotistic) Orientation. The entire first level is sometimes called the "premoral level." Conventional Level with Stage 3, Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation, and Stage 4, Authority, Law, and Order Orientation. This entire level is often known as "morality of conventional rules and conformity." Postconventional Level with Stage 5, Democratically Accepted Law or "Social Contract" and Stage 6, Principles of Self-Conscience and Universal Ethics. The last level is sometimes termed the "morality of self-accepted principles level."
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span was... a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. A. A. Brill. d. Jean Piaget
a. Erik Erikson Many scholars do not feel that Freud's theory truly covers the entire life span. Erikson created a theory with eight stages in which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Milton is generally associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis. Brill is analytic and will be discussed in the section on career theory. Piaget created a 4 stage cognitive development theory based on notion that successful completion of a previous stage is necessary for the next stages.
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is... a. Harry Harlow. b. John Bowlby. c. Lawrence Kohlberg. d. all of the above.
a. Harry Harlow Harlow believed that attachment attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned. Monkeys placed in isolation developed autistic abnormal behavior. When these monkeys were placed in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of the dysfunctional behavior was noted. Evidence that this is true in man comes from the work of René Spitz, who noted that children reared in impersonal institutions would experience great difficulty forming close relationships, called anaclitic depression.
The statement, "Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not," is most closely associated with... a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the pre-conventional level. b. Kohlberg's conventional level. c. the work of Carl Jung. d. Piaget's autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8
a. Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level. In the initial stage, morality is guided by a fear of punishment. Choice "d" is concerned with the Piagetian conceptualization of moral development. Piaget suggested two major stages: the heteronomous stage and the autonomous stage, which begins at approximately age 10. Heteronomous morality occurs between ages 4 and 7, when the child views rules as absolutes that result in punishment. Autonomous morality is characterized by the child's perception that rules are relative and can be altered or changed.
In terms of parenting young children... a. boys are punished more than girls. b. girls are punished more than boys. c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion. d. boys show more caregiver behavior.
a. boys are punished more than girls. A study conducted by Stanley Coopersmith indicated that, surprisingly enough, children with high self-esteem were punished just as often as kids with low self-esteem. When the child with high self-esteem was punished the emphasis was on the behavior being bad and not the child.
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be... a. considered an oral character. b. considered an anal character. c. considered a genital character. d. fixated at the latency stage.
a. considered an oral character. The oral region of the body (i.e., the mouth) would be the portion of the body most closely related to smoking and alcoholism.
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that... a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual. c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial. d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved.
a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage. Freud felt the stages were psychosexual and his disciple Erikson felt they were psychosocial, yet both agreed that individuals must resolve one stage before forging on to the next. Robert J. Havinghurst- tasks for infancy and early childhood (learning to walk or eat solid foods); tasks for middle childhood, age 6-12 (learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience; tasks for adolescence, age 12-18 (preparing for marriage and economic career); tasks of early adulthood ages, 19-30 (selecting a mate and starting a family); tasks of middle age, 30-60 (assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and develop leisure activities); tasks of later maturity, age 60 and beyond (dealing with the death of a spouse and adjusting to retirement). Jane Loevinger focused on ego development via 7 stages and 2 transitions, the highest level being integrated.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of... a. egocentrism. b. conservation. c. centration. d. abstract thought
a. egocentrism. Make sure to be familiar with the Piagetian concept of egocentrism. Egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. Abstract thought does not occur until Piaget's final or fourth stage known as formal operations.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?... a. generativity versus stagnation b. integrity versus despair c. a and b d. Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues
a. generativity versus stagnation Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between ages 35 and 45 for men and about five years earlier for women. Incidentally, the word generativity refers to the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one's self and being concerned with other people. Avoiding or bypassing the crisis can lead to lack of vitality in later years.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean... a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. b. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes. c. a and b. d. a theory proposed by Skinner's colleagues.
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development. Today theorists shy away from an extremist position of nature vs nurture and admit that both factors play a major role. Just for the record, choice "d" mentioned B. F. Skinner, who was the prime mover in the behavioristic psychology movement, or applied behavior analysis, ABA. Behaviorists, like Skinner, tend to emphasize the power of environment.
The fear of death... a. is greatest during middle age. b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon. c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years. d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
a. is greatest during middle age. In Erikson's stages the individual would accept the finality of life better during the final ego identity vs despair state than in the middle age years.
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates... a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. that psychopathology rests within the id. c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization. d. that stimulus-response psychology dictates behavioral attributes.
a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. Answers "b," "c," and "d" are necessarily incorrect inasmuch as Abraham Maslow rejected both analytic psychology and behaviorism; he felt they dehumanized men and women. Maslow's theory has been dubbed "humanistic psychology," or a "third force" psychology. Maslow felt the person first needs to satisfy immediate or basic needs such as food and water. Next, safety and security must be dealt with. Next, a need for love, affection, and belonging emerges. The highest level is termed self-actualization, meaning the person becomes all he or she can be. A word to the wise: Some tests may refer to higher-order needs (i.e., any need which is not physiological) as "metaneeds." Maslow's writings helped spawn the human potential movement, popular during the 1960s and 1970s.
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that... a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality. c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints. d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner he or she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion.
a. no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories. Since each theorist's work has a slant to it (e.g., Freud—psychosexual factors; Kohlberg—moral factors; Piaget—intellectual/ cognitive factors, etc.), a well-rounded counselor will necessarily need a basic knowledge of all the popular theories.
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency. c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal. d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.
a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is the most comprehensive theory of personality and therapy ever devised. Libidinal means related to libido which is sexual impulse and desire.
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are... a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional. b. formal, preformal, self-accepted. c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed. d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional. In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of postconventional or self-accepted morality. A person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.
Stage theorists assume... a. qualitative changes between stages occur. b. differences surely exist but usually can't be measured. c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint. d. b and c.
a. qualitative changes between stages occur. Choice "b" is incorrect inasmuch as differences can often be measured. Choice "c" makes no sense because analysts (who are not considered humanistic) such as Freud and Erikson have supported the stage theory viewpoint.
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the... a. sensorimotor stage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperational stage. d. acquisition of conservation.
a. sensorimotor stage. It would make sense that the child would use refl exes in the fi rst stage, which is termed sensorimotor intelligence. Piaget has said that the term practical intelligence captures the gist of this stage. Piaget emphasized the concept of "object permanence" here. A child who is beyond approximately 8 months of age will search for an object that is no longer in sight (e.g., hidden behind a parent's back or under a blanket). The child learns that objects have an existence even when the child is not interacting with them.
The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the... a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. b. preoperational stage—2 to 7 years. c. concrete operational stage—7 to 12 years. d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.
a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years. Incidentally, around the second month of age the child begins to smile in response to a face or a mask that resembles a face.
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the... a. superego. b. ego. c. id. d. eros.
a. superego. Eric Berne, the father of Transactional Analysis, said The Parent ego state is filled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often guide our morality.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to... a. volume or mass. b. defenses of the ego. c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage. d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.
a. volume or mass. Piaget and Elkind report that mass is the first and most easily understood concept. The mastery of weight is next, and finally the notion of volume can be comprehended. (MWV)
The zone of proximal development... a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky. b. was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg. c. emphasized organ inferiority. d. a, b, and c.
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor. Organ inferiority is primarily associated with Aflred Adler who created individual psychology.
An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence would conclude that... a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive. c. in reality TV has no impact on a child's behavior. d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring.
a. watching violence tends to make children more aggressive. Experiments have demonstrated that even nursery school age children display more violent behavior after observing violence.
Trust versus mistrust is... a. an Adlerian notion of morality. b. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. c. essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism. d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.
b. Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. Erikson proposed eight stages in the formation of the ego identity and this is the first. This stage corresponds to Freud's initial oral-sensory stage (birth to approximately 1 year). Although Piaget and Erikson are the most prominent stage theorists, Harry Stack Sullivan postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Sullivan's theory, known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations focuses on social influences.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of... a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients. b. Erikson. c. Adler. d. Jung.
b. Erikson. Erikson felt that, in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles. RS in our field means religious and spiritual. Positive psychology is a term coined by Abraham Maslow and popularized by learned helplessness syndrome pioneer Martin Seligman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom. Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, stresses the inferiority complex.
_______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation. a. Environmental b. Genetic c. Chemical dependency d. Unconscious
b. Genetic Persons with Down syndrome have a rather fl at face, a thick tongue, and slanted eyes. Down syndrome, which is the result of a chromosomal abnormality (an additional chromosome or two), causes brain damage which results in an IQ of 50 and 80 (100 is normal). Other genetic or hereditary conditions include: Phenylketonuria (PKU), which is an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes intellectual or physical disabilities unless the baby is placed on a special diet. Klinefelter's syndrome, in which a male has an extra X chromosome (i.e., XXY), is tall, has a high-pitched voice, an IQ approximately 10 points below the norm, shows no masculinity at puberty, and may be infertile; and Turner's syndrome, where a female has no gonads or sex hormones and is unable to have children. Hemophilia is a condition where blood coagulation is such that even a tiny injury could cause severe bleeding. Finally, sickle cell anemia, otherwise known as sickle cell disease (SCD), afflicts primarily African Americans and causes anemia, pain, short stature, reduced life span, and organ damage.
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?... a. A. Lazarus. b. H. Harlow. c. J. Wolpe. d. A. Ellis.
b. H. Harlow. Harry Harlow was born in 1905 and died in 1981. He is best known for his work with rhesus monkeys at the University of Wisconsin. Choice "c" mentions Joseph Wolpe, who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization, a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions. Albert Ellis (Choice "d") is a New York clinical psychologist who developed a form of treatment known as Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner. Ellis was originally trained as an analyst and is a very prolific writer.
The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of... a. Erik Erikson. b. Sigmund Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory. c. Jay Haley. d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.
b. Sigmund Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory. The ego, which is known as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences. Erikson, an ego psychologist, would not emphasize the role of the id, but rather the power of control or the ego. Jay Haley is known for his work in strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. Arnold Lazarus is considered a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique that helps clients cope with phobias. Perry is known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students. Perry stresses a concept known as dualistic thinking common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong. As they enter adulthood and move into relativistic thinking the individual now has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. Kegan's adult cognitive development model stresses interpersonal development. Kegan's theory is billed as a "constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan."
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage... a. skip b. become fixated at c. ignore d. a and c
b. become fixated at In psychoanalytic theory the word fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next. The person literally becomes stuck (or fixated) in a stage where he or she feels safe.
An empiricist view of development would be... a. psychometric. b. behavioristic. c. against the use of formal statistical testing. d. a and c.
b. behavioristic behavioristic empiricist researchers value statistical studies and emphasize the role of the environment. Organismic supporters feel the individual's actions are more important than the environment in terms of one's development.
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of... a. egocentrism. b. centration. c. formal abstract reasoning. d. deductive processes.
b. centration. Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it. Egocentrism in choice "a" refers to the preoperational child's inability to see the world from anyone else's vantage point. The abstract reasoning in choice "c" takes place in the fi nal formal operational stage. Deductive thinking processes in choice "d" allow an individual to apply general reasoning to specific situations.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as... a. formal operations—12 years and older. b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11. c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7. d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11. conservation begins with a "c" and so does concrete operations.
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by... a. psychosexual urges. b. consequences. c. periodic fugue states. d. counterconditioning.
b. consequences In the consequences stage (called premoral), an M&M or a slap on the behind is more important than societal expectations and the law. In choice "c" the term fugue state refers to an individual who experiences memory loss (amnesia) and leaves home, often with the intention of changing his or her job and identity. Counterconditioning is a behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher... A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered a. symbolic schema. b. conservation. c. androgynous psychosocial issues. d. trust versus mistrust.
b. conservation. In Piaget's theory the term conservation refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (ages 7 to 11 years). Both conservation and the ability to count mentally (i.e., without matching something up to something else physically) both occur in the concrete operational thought stage. In Piaget's theory, symbolic schema is a cognitive structure that grows with life experience. A schema is merely a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world. Choice "c," androgynous, is a term which implies that humans have characteristics of both sexes. Trust vs. mistrust is Erikson's first psychosocial stage.
Freud and Erikson... a. could be classified as behaviorists. b. could be classified as maturationists. c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual. d. were prime movers in the biofeedback movement/dialectical behavior therapy or DBT.
b. could be classified as maturationists In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. In addition, the theory suggests that the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives. The client's childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics. DBT focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha Linehan and is used for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide, and substance abuse issues.
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels... a. the burden of senile psychosis. b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities. d. the burden of generalized anxiety as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM).
b. ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage. According to Erikson, successful resolution of the integrity versus despair stage results in the belief that one's life served a purpose. Choice "a" introduces the term senile psychosis, which is decidedly incorrect but a relevant term nevertheless. The word psychosis refers to a break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. In senile psychosis this condition is brought on via old age. At times, the term will be used in a looser sense to imply a loss of memory. In counseling, anxiety (or generalized anxiety) refers to fear, dread, or apprehension without being able to pinpoint the exact reason for the feeling. Anxiety is in contrast to a phobia, in which the client can pinpoint the cause or source of fear (e.g., riding an elevator). The branch of medicine which concerns itself with the classification of disease is known as "nosology."
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called... a. counterbalancing. b. equilibration. c. balance theory. d. ABA design.
b. equilibration. Counterbalancing refers to an experimental process in which a researcher varies the order of conditions to eliminate irrelevant variables. Balance theory suggests that individuals avoid inconsistent or incompatible beliefs. In other words, people prefer consistent beliefs. This is sometimes known as the tendency to maintain "cognitive consistency." ABA design, noted in choice "d," is experimental and research lingo. The A stands for the baseline, which is the behavior before an experimental or treatment procedure is introduced. B is the treatment. After the treatment is implemented the occurrence of A (the behavior in question) is measured to see if a change is evident.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means... a. foot to head. b. head to foot. c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment. d. b and c.
b. head to foot The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalocaudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail.
Marital satisfaction... a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave home. b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home. c. correlates high with performance IQ. d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children.
b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a child leaving home. Many studies agree that in general marital satisfaction is highest at the time of the wedding. Newer research tends to illuminate the fact that the oft-quoted statistic which suggests that 50% of all marriages end in divorce is inflated.
Freud postulated psychosexual stages... a. id, ego, and superego. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. c. eros, Thanatos, regression, and superego. d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Choice "a" depicts Freud's structural theory of the mind as being composed of the id, the ego, and the superego. In choice "c" the word eros refers to the Freudian concept of the life instinct while thanatos refers to the self-destructive death instinct. The term regression is used to describe clients who return to an earlier stage of development. In choice "d" you should familiarize yourself with the terms manifest and latent, which in psychoanalysis refer to the nature of a dream. Manifest content describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. Latent content (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians) refers to the hidden meaning of the dream.
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?... a. behaviorism b. organicism c. statistical developmentalism d. all of the above
b. organicism The term organismic also has been used to describe Gestalt psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, who emphasize a holistic model.
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by... a. the principle of negative reinforcement. b. sex role socialization. c. Konrad Lorenz's studies on imprinting. d. ethological data.
b. sex role socialization. In the past the belief was that the differences between men and women were the result of biological factors. However, most counselors today feel that the child "learns" gender identity and male/female roles. Choice "a," negative reinforcement, is a behavioristic term. Negative reinforcement occurs when the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur. Never forget: All reinforcers—positive and negative—increase the probability that a behavior will occur. In positive reinforcement the addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior.
The anal retentive personality is... a. charitable. b. stingy. c. kind. d. thinks very little about money matters
b. stingy. To put it bluntly, the anal retentive character is said to be cheap!
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys... a. a wire mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version. b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother. c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother, even though it was equipped to dispense milk. Harlow concluded "contact comfort" is important in the development of the infant's attachment to his or her mother. John Bowlby, mentioned previously, would say that in humans the parents act as a "releaser stimulus" to elicit relief from hunger and tension through holding.
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to... a. Piaget's famous case study methodology. b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment. c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs. d. all of the above.
b. the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment. The study of ethology was developed by European zoologists who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory. Today, when counselors refer to ethology, it concerns field research utilizing animals (e.g., birds or fish). The term comparative psychology refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans. Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on the process of imprinting, an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother. The principle of "critical periods," which states that certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animal's development. Otherwise, the behaviors will never be learned at all. Burrhus Frederic Skinner's air crib, which was a relatively bacteria-free, covered crib that Skinner relied on to help raise his daughter! Skinner is famous for his operant conditioning model.
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that... a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters' lives. b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work. d. should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts
b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed. Elementary school counseling has been defined as the only organized profession to work with individuals from a purely preventive and developmental standpoint.
Imprinting-rapid learning during a critical period of development- is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by... a. Erik Erikson. b. Milton H. Erickson. c. Konrad Lorenz. d. Harry Harlow.
c. Konrad Lorenz. Some behavioral scientists refer to instinctual behavior as "species-specific," meaning that the behavioral trait occurs in every member of the species. The behavior is unlearned and universal.
_______ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development... a. Erik Erikson b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. John B. Watson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg Kohlberg, the correct answer, is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. Kohlberg's, Erikson's, and Maslow's theories are said to be epigenetic in nature. Epigenetic is a biological term borrowed from embryology. This principle states that each stage emerges from the one before it. The process follows a given order and is systematic. John B. Watson is the father of American behaviorism and coined the term behaviorism in 1912. Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally. Vygotsky insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on... a. Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. b. building accurate empathy of family members. c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. d. The identified patient.
c. Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs. Maslow, a pioneer in third force or humanistic psychology, suggested the following hierarchy of needs: survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The assumption is that lower-order needs must be fulfilled before the individual can be concerned with higher-order needs.
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to... a. Carl Jung's concepts of anima, animus. b. Freud's wish fulfillment. c. Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years. d. ego identity.
c. Piaget's preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years. Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies. Choice "a" mentions two concepts of the Swiss psychiatrist C. G. Jung, the father of analytic psychology. The anima represents the female characteristics of the personality while the animus represents the male characteristics. Jung calls the anima and the animus "archetypes," which are inherited unconscious factors. Choice "b," wish fulfillment, is a Freudian notion that dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments. The term ego identity, used in choice "d," is most often associated with Erikson's fifth stage: identity versus role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept, the person has achieved ego identity. An inability to accomplish this task results in role confusion, which is known as an identity crisis.
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage... a. abstract thinking emerges. b. problems can be solved using deduction. c. a and b. d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless.
c. a and b; abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction. When a child reaches the final stage, he or she is ready for adulthood and would not experience child like feelings of helplessness. If you ask a child to answer a question such as, "Why did someone shoot the president?," a child who has mastered formal operations (approximately age 11 and beyond) will give several hypotheses while a child in the previous stages would most likely be satisfied with one explanation. For exam purposes, remember that abstract concepts of time (e.g., What was life like 500 years ago?) or distance (e.g., How far is 600 miles?) can only be comprehended via abstract thinking, which occurs in this stage.
Piaget is... a. a maturationist. b. a behaviorist. c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. d. cognitive-behavioral.
c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative. According to the structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of making sense out of the world. Choice "d," cognitive-behavioral, generally applies to counselors who emphasize thought processes in terms of their impact on emotions as well as behavioristic strategies (e.g., reinforcement or homework assignments).
Freud's Oedipus Complex... a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occurs. b. occurs during the phallic stage. c. a and b. d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory
c. and b; is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occurs and occurs during the phallic stage. The Oedipus complex, the boy's secret wish to marry his mother, paired with rage toward his father, is said to occur between ages 3 and 5. The Oedipus complex occurs during the phallic stage and both words conveniently contain the letter "p." Some tests may actually refer to this stage as the phallic-oedipal stage.
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life... a. still developed in a normal fashion. b. still related very well with animals reared normally. c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic. d. were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns.
c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic. Autistic means extremely withdrawn and isolated. people with autism often have trouble communicating with others and forming close social bonds.
Elementary school counseling and guidance services... a. have been popular since the early 1900s. b. became popular during World War II. c. are a fairly new development that did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. d. none of the above.
c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s. Choice "a" would be true for secondary school counseling and guidance fueled by the work of Frank Parsons. Secondary school counseling services increased rapidly in the 1960s. Three key reasons have been cited for the slow development of elementary school counseling. First, the majority of people believed that school teachers could double as counselors. Second, counseling was conceptualized as focusing on vocational issues. This would not be a primary issue in the elementary years. Finally, secondary schools utilized social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child got older. There are over 100,000 school counselors in the US.
John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with... a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist. b. developmental stage theories. c. bonding and attachment. d. the unconscious mind.
c. bonding and attachment. Bowlby=bonding John Bowlby saw bonding and attachment as having survival value, or what is often called adaptive significance. Bowlby insisted that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond with an adult before the age of 3. If the bond is severed at an early age, it is known as "object loss," and this is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behavior, or what is often called psychopathology. Arnold Gesell was a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationists such as Gesell feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education. Margaret Mahler, known as separation-individual theory of child development, calls the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker symbiosis and difficulties with this relationship can result in adult psychosis.
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as... a. organismic theorists. b. statistical developmentalists. c. empiricists. d. all of the above.
c. empiricists. Empiricism grew out of the philosophy of John Locke in the 1600s and is sometimes referred to as associationism. According to this theory scientists can learn only from objective facts. The word empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience. This philosophy adheres to the principle that experience is the source for acquiring knowledge. Remember that empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of behaviorism. the organismic viewpoint, which is slanted toward qualitative rather than quantitative factors that can be measured empirically. Strictly speaking, organismic psychologists do not believe in a mind-body distinction. Since empiricists believe developmental changes can be measured and the organicists feel that change can be internal, the two views are sometimes said to be opposing viewpoints.
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as... a. hysteria. b. pica. c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. d. dysfunctional repetition
c. fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli. Hysteria is said to occur when an individual displays an organic symptom (e.g., blindness, paralysis, or deafness), yet no physiological causes are evident. Choice "b," pica, is a condition in which a person wishes to eat items that are not food (i.e., the item has no nutritional value), such as consuming a pencil or perhaps a watch band.
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed post-conventional morality. Here the individual... a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges. b. has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation. c. has self-imposed morals and ethics. d. a and b.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics. Postconventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. It has been called a prior to society perspective. Freudian theory reflects psychosexual urges, stage 3 of Kohlberg's theory is the good boy/good girl orientation which is at the conventional level- a person's want to please others to achieve recognition.
Piaget's preoperational stage... a. is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning. b. includes mastering conservation. c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. d. all of the above.
c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema. Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. A milk carton can easily become a spaceship or a pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile. The preoperational stage occurs from age 2 to 7.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is... a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35 to 60. c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34. d. a critical factor Erikson fails to mention.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34. intimacy implies sharing one's life would have landed you a correct answer here. Counselors need to be aware that an individual who fails to do well in this stage may conclude that he or she can depend on no one but the self.
Development... a. begins at birth. b. begins during the first trimester of pregnancy. c. is a continuous process that begins at conception. d. a and c.
c. is a continuous process that begins at conception. Developmental psychologists are fond of looking at prenatal influences (i.e., smoking or alcohol consumption) that affect the fetus before birth.
Jean Piaget's theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is... a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor. b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor. c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. Piaget was adamant that the order of the stages remains the same for any culture, although the age of the individual could vary. Piaget's first stage emphasizes the senses and the child's motor skills, hence the name sensorimotor stage. I can remember the last stage by reminding myself that people seem to be more formal as they get older. The final stage is of course formal operations.
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is... a. the primal scene. b. preconscious psychic processes. c. sibling rivalry. d. BASIC-ID.
c. sibling rivalry. In counseling, sibling rivalry refers to competition between siblings. The "primal scene" noted in choice "a" is a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent. Preconscious material is not conscious but can be recalled without the use of special psychoanalytic techniques. BASIC-ID, is an acronym posited by behaviorist Arnold Lazarus, it stands for Behavior, Affective Responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal Relationships, and Drugs.
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client... a. has "learned helplessness" syndrome. b. suffers from a phobia. c. suffers from fixation. d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.
c. suffers from fixation. Freud felt that frustration and anxiety are normal when passing through a developmental stage, but when they become too powerful emotional growth will literally stop and the person becomes stuck (fixated) in the current stage. Learned helplessness in choice "a" connotes a pattern in which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment. Such a person can become easily depressed. This concept is generally associated with the work of Martin E. P. Seligman, who experimentally induced learned helplessness in dogs via giving them electric shocks while placed in a harness. Choice "b" is phobia, which is a known fear, such as a fear of furry animals or flying in an airplane. In counseling, a phobia is often distinguished from anxiety. In an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear.
In the general population... a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000. b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts. c. suicide rates tend to increase with age. d. b and c.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age. Choice "b" is way off the mark. Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression begins to lift! Official statistics indicate about 41,000 suicides each year in the United States, but actual number may be close to 75,000. Choice "a" reflects the approximate suicide rate in black females. The overall suicide rate in the United States in any given year is about 12/100,000. Personality measures such as the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach are not good predictors of suicide or for that matter of suicide attempts.
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which... a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group. b. biofeedback training is highly recommended. c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new direction. d. the activity of meaning-making is discouraged.
c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find a new direction. Kegan encourages "meaning making." Kegan suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested... a. a single level of morality. b. two levels of morality. c. three levels of morality. d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
c. three levels of morality. Kohlberg's theory has three levels of moral development: the Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional level. Each level can be broken down further into two stages.
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is to Erikson... a. integrity versus despair b. Kohlberg c. trust versus mistrust d. play therapy
c. trust versus mistrust The question matches Piaget's name to his first stage (i.e., sensorimotor) and Freud's name to his first stage (i.e., oral). Play therapy choice "d" and art therapy is often preferable to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor... a. in the preconscious mind. b. in the mind of the child in latency. c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. d. a and b.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age. the oral stage is the first Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to one year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place early in life.
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of... a. Freud. b. Adler on birth order. c. Erikson. d. Bowlby.
d. Bowlby. In psychoanalysis the term object describes the target of one's love. Bowlby felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3 he or she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult.
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?... a. Carl Rogers b. B. F. Skinner c. Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance d. Konrad Lorenz
d. Konrad Lorenz Konrad Lorenz compared us to the wolf or the baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive. According to Lorenz, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and was necessary for survival. The solution according to Lorenz is for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports. Carl Ransom Rogers created nondirective counseling, later called client-centered counseling, and more recently, person-centered counseling. Frank Parsons has been called the father of guidance.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?... a. a 19-year-old male college student. b. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band. c. a 57-year old female stockbroker. d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.
d. a 13-year-old male middle school student. Conformity seems to peak in the early teens.
A critical period... a. makes imprinting possible. b. emphasizes manifest dream content. c. signifies a special time when behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all. d. a and c.
d. a and c.; makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all. A critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process. A critical period marks the importance of heredity and environment on development. In humans, for example, language acquisition is thought to begin at around age 2 and ends at about age 14.
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered... a. object permanence. b. reflexive response. c. representational thought. d. a and c.
d. a and c; object permanence and representational thought. The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a victim of "out of sight, out of mind." The child, needless to say, needs representational thought to master object permanence, which is also called object constancy. During this initial stage the child learns the concept of time (i.e., that one event takes place before or after another) and causality (e.g., that a hand can move an object).
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles... a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development. b. is in the preconventional level. c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles. d. a and c.
d. a and c; they have reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles
The Heinz story is to Kohlberg's theory as... a. a brick is to a house. b. Freud is to Jung. c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback. d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered. Kohlberg's stages and levels are said to apply to all persons and not merely to those living in the United States. C. G. Jung, mentioned in choice "b," is the father of analytic psychology. Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. And lastly, the Menninger Clinic in Kansas is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold as well as the site of landmark work in the area of biofeedback, which is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing... a. Piaget's concept of conservation. b. Erik Erikson's trust versus mistrust paradigm. c. Piaget's formal operations. d. a visual cliff.
d. a visual cliff. The visual cliff is a device which utilizes a glass sheet which simulates a drop-off. Interestingly enough, infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth perception in humans is inherent (i.e., an inborn or so-called innate trait). By approximately eight months of age the child begins to show stranger anxiety, meaning that he or she can discriminate a familiar person from a person who is unknown.
Heredity... a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes. b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes. c. assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above. normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, and genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code. Heritability is the portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors.
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that... a. girls grow up to smile more. b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2. c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above. girls grow up to smile more, use more feeling words by age 2, and are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age. Boys are sometimes more physically active and aggressive.
Erikson's middle age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to... a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family. b. the opposite of stagnation. c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. d. all of the above
d. all of the above; the ability to do creative work or raise a family and the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time. Havinghurst feels that the middle adult should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide adolescents, develop leisure, adjust to bodily changes, and learn to relate to a spouse. Good advice, but if it seems a little dated, it is; 1952 vintage. The 1950s were the golden years for developmental psychology.
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists... a. conduct therapy in the here-and-now. b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior. c. believe group work is most effective. d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.
d. allow clients to work through early conflicts. Counselors of this persuasion allow the client to work through the old painful material. Theoretically, the counselor acts almost like a perfect nonjudgmental parent. And thus the client can explore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category.
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that... a. in general, boys have better verbal skills than girls. b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys. c. in general, boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls. d. b and c.
d. b and c.; According to research of Maccoby and Jacklin, in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys and boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls.
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson... a. Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage simply doesn't exist. b. Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises. c. an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes. d. b and c.
d. b and c.; Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means... a. behavior results from unconscious aggression. b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men. c. a and b. d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species.
d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species. Instincts are innate behaviors that do not need to be practiced or learned. Instincts are not learned behavioral responses.
John Bowlby has asserted that... a. attachment is not instinctual. b. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle. c. a and b. d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood.
d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood. Remember, Bowlby starts with a "b" and so does bonding. Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst, felt that mothers should be the primary caretakers, while the father's role is to support the mother emotionally rather than nurturing the child himself.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research in as much as... a. he utilized the t-test too frequently. b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors. c. he worked primarily with minority children. d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children. Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test. t test is a parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups. Piaget generally did not rely on statistical experiments that would be impacted by type 1 or alpha errors.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage... a. generativity versus stagnation. b. initiative versus guilt. c. the identity crisis of the later years. d. integrity versus despair
d. integrity versus despair Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Erikson did not imply that the person either totally succeeds or fails. Instead, he says that the individual leans toward a given alternative. The final stage begins at about age 60. An individual who has successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow... a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz. b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics. c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential settings. d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average."
d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average." Maslow worked with those who have transcended the so-called average or normal existence.
According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles... a. refers to the Naive Hedonism stage. b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals. c. a and b. d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level. Hedonism mentioned in choice "a" occurs in stage 2 of the preconventional level. Here the child says to himself, "If I'm nice others will be nice to me and I'll get what I want." Choice "b" actually refers to the first stage of the preconventional level which is the punishment versus obedience orientation.
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is... a. oral. b. anal. c. phallic. d. latency
d. latency in the developmental stages the sexual drive seems hidden (or at least not very prominent) during latency. Sexual interests are replaced by social interests like sports, learning, and hobbies. Now this is very important: Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in nature. It occurs roughly between ages 6 and 12.
In adolescence... a. females commit suicide more than males. b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare. c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious. d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often. Males commit suicide more often than females. This answer would apply not just to adolescence but to nearly all age brackets. Choice "b" is false inasmuch as suicide is generally the 11th or 12th leading cause of death in this country as well as the second or third leading killer of teens each year. And as far as choice "c" is concerned, a counselor should always take it seriously when a client of any age threatens suicide
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests... a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift. b. the child is ambidextrous. c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight. d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. That is the definition of reversibility. The word ambidextrous refers to an individual's ability to use both hands equally well to perform tasks.
In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers a. showed marked borderline personality traits. b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly. c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion. d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.
d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers. When given the choice of two cloth-covered mothers—one that provided milk and one that did not—the infant monkeys chose the one that gave milk. Ultimately, Harlow discovered that contact was even more important than milk and that monkeys preferred terry cloth mothers over wire-frame mothers even when both dispensed milk.
Piaget felt... a. homework depresses the elementary child's IQ. b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings. c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily. d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.
d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation. Piaget felt that before the final stage (i.e., formal operations, which begins at age 11 or 12) a child learns best from his or her own actions, not lectures, and his or her interactions and communications with peers rather than adults. Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know. William Glasser in choice "b" is the Father of reality therapy with choice theory.
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as... a. systematic desensitization. b. covert desensitization. c. in vivo desensitization. d. the Electra complex.
d. the Electra complex. In the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls (also grounded in Greek myth), the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex. This creates tension since this is generally not possible. Hence the child is said to have a fantasy in which he or she wishes to kill the parent of the opposite sex. Freud went on to hypothesize that eventually the child identifies with the parent of the same sex. This leads to internalization of parental values, and thus the conscience or superego is born. The term covert in choice "b" refers to any psychological process which cannot be directly observed, while in choice "c" I introduce you to "in vivo" which means the client is exposed to an actual situation which might prove frightful or difficult. The word desensitization refers to behavior therapy techniques that help to ameliorate anxiety reactions.
Equilibration is... a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes. b. performed via the id according to the Freudians. c. a synonym for concrete operational thought. d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation). Equilibration (or equilibrium) occurs when the child achieves a balance. When new information is presented which the child's current cognitive structures, known as "schemas," cannot process, a condition referred to as "disequilibrium" sets in. The child therefore changes the schemas to accommodate the novel information, and equilibration or equilibrium is mastered.
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by... a. psychosexual urges. b. a desire to live up to society's expectations. c. a desire to conform. d. b and c.
d. the desire to live up to society's expectations and the desire to conform. At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is... a. false. b. true due to a genetics c. true only in middle-aged men. d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.
d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin. The superiority of males in the area of mathematics, however, was not significant until high school or perhaps college. Girls who excelled in science and math often identified with their fathers and were encouraged to value initiative and were given independence. Thus, the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry.
