Chapter 1: Fundamentals Principles and Theories

Contemplation stage

Individuals recognize the importance of behavior change and are committed to taking action to change a behavior in the next six months

Maintenance stage

Individuals' changed behaviors become established in their daily life, typically for more than six months. Attempts are also made to prevent relapse and consolidate gains

Theory of planned behavior process

Intention is driven by underlying motivation, which is influenced by individuals' attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms (i.e., perceived social pressure to engage in the behavior), and perceived behavioral control (i.e., expectancy that performance of the behavior is within their control)

Social cognitive approach

Interactive roles of the environment, the person, and behavior

Contact with the present moment

Involves bringing full awareness to here-and-now experiences, with interest and receptiveness

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Involves the use of a variety of reappraisal, problem-solving, and acceptance-based strategies

Classical conditioning

Learning that occurs in response to a stimulus through pairing

Person-centered therapy emphasis

Listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and support in order to understand the meaning and feeling of clients' experiences

It is important to keep in mind that research on _________ in sport is still relatively sparse compared to clinical research and research with the general population

Mindfulness-based interventions

Mindfulness-based therapy incorporates _____ and _____

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Decisional balance

Movement through the TTM stages is dependent on and facilitated by this. Where the perceptions of the advantages of changing or maintaining a behavior (e.g., increase in athletic performance as a result of imagery practice) shift over time and eventually outweigh perceptions of the disadvantages (e.g., loss of free time due to imagery practice)

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)

Person-centered approach in which emotions are viewed as a fundamental aspect of human functioning and therapeutic change

Goal of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Provide informal mindfulness practices to reduce stress

Values

Reflect what is significant and meaningful in one's life (e.g., relationships with others) and the type of person one wants to be

Self-efficacy

Self-belief to carry out the change despite potential adversity

Empathy

Sharing of an affective state between the person initially experiencing that state and a second person who observes the state in the other

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

Stages of change model that illustrates how behavior changes over time, progressing through six discrete stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

Goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Teach clients to become more aware of and relate differently to their thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations

Goal of compassion-focused therapy

The aim is to find what is experienced as helpful, kind, and supportive in the moment.

Self as context

The aspect of the self that remains aware of what one is experiencing

Therapeutic alliance

The bond or connection that develops between a practitioner and client

Operant conditioning

The principle that behavior is reinforced by the events that directly follow it

Dialectics in DBT

They allow practitioners and clients in treatment to focus on the synthesis of polar opposites, such as acceptance and change.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

This approach cultivates mindfulness, acceptance, cognitive defusion, and other strategies to increase psychological flexibility and promote behavior change consistent with personal values

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - definition

This approach is based on the premise that individuals contribute to their own psychological problems through the often rigid and irrational beliefs they hold about themselves, events, and situations

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - goal

This approach teaches clients to identify and refute irrational or unhelpful beliefs

Self-efficacy in TTM

This must surpass the temptation to abandon the behavior change efforts

Theory of planned behavior

This proposes that the key factor influencing change is the intention to perform the behavior.

Mindfulness-based therapy

This therapy involves the practice of mindfulness to achieve mental and physical health.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

This therapy is a structured, time-limited, problem-focused, and goal-oriented form of talk therapy that helps clients learn to identify, question, and change how their thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs relate to emotional and behavioral reactions that cause them difficulty

How does one move through the stages of the TTM?

To achieve one's ultimate goal, one must be motivated and ready to change

Decisional balance

Weighing the pros and cons; part of transtheoretical model

MPCs should develop a sound philosophy integrating _____ counseling theories and principles in order to be versatile and competently respond to typical and novel situations.

a blend of

Cognitive behavior therapy is focused on _____ to obtain desired affect and behavior. It does not put an emphasis on ______ to bring about change.

altering cognitions; altering emotions

Within a sport context, consulting refers to a ____________ process in which psychological, counseling, and sport __________ principles are applied with individuals, teams, and organizations to help them move from their current state to their desired state.

collaborative; performance

Cognitive ____, rather than cognitive ____, is a component of the hexaflex model.

defusion; fusion

The three prominent mindfulness interventions to increase performance and wellbeing are...

mindfulness-acceptance-commitment, mindful sport performance enhancement, and mindfulness meditation training in sport

Aspects involved in the four stages of dialectical-behavior therapy

1. Safety and stabilization 2. Traumatic experiences are safely explored 3. Maintenance of progress and goal setting 4. Skill learning and/or spiritual fulfillment to maintain joy and self-fulfillment

Systems theory

A holistic approach used to examine and understand systems. The basic idea behind this theory is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are a part of ______ therapy

Acceptance and commitment

The six aspects of ACT that lead to psychological flexibility

Acceptance, contact with the present moment, values, committed action, self as context, and defusion

Goal of acceptance and commitment therapy

Alleviate distress and encourage a state of adaptive behavioral functioning

Solution talk

An essential aspect of solution-focused family therapy whereby therapists emphasize positive outcomes that the future may hold rather than unpleasant situations that characterize the present to help clients begin to adopt a more positive point of view

Cognitive fusion

Attaching thoughts and feelings to an experience to the point that they dominate behavior and diminish flexibility

Experiential avoidance

Avoiding or getting rid of unpleasant internal experiences

Behavior therapy

Based on the work of Pavlov and Skinner and the famous principles of classical and operant conditioning

Behavior therapy, as a counseling approach, uses __________ and the social cognitive approach as foundations to help people change maladaptive behaviors

Classical and operant conditioning

Cognitive defusion

Distancing oneself from unhelpful thoughts, feelings, memories, and images

Committed action

Engagement in behavior that is reflective of one's values

____________________ is well suited to situations such as a developmental crisis (e.g., an adolescent struggling with his athletic identity), a life transition (e.g., an injured athlete involuntarily leaving sport), an existential concern

Existential therapy

Existential therapy (ET)

Focuses on the nature of the human condition (i.e., what it means to be human. It relies on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence. It aims to address and understand issues of freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness, and living and dying

Acceptance

Giving oneself permission to experience (rather than fight) difficult feelings, emotions, sensations, and impulses just as they are

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)

Grounded in social constructionism. Future-focused, goal-oriented approach that emphasized clients' strengths and resilience

Goal of systems theory

Help members of a system (i.e., group) gain insight into how each member's role within the system may affect its functionality

Compassion-focused therapy (CFT)

Helps individuals develop more affiliative feelings toward themselves, along with a more compassionate inner voice

Person-centered therapy (PCT)

Humanistic, client-centered approach driven by a positive and phenomenological view of humans. Specifically, it focuses on the desires and strengths of human beings to reach their full potential and to self-actualize, with the aim of leading individuals toward high-level functioning and personal fulfillment

Termination stage

Individuals are 100 percent self-efficacious in engaging in the new behaviors and have no temptation to relapse

Implementation stage

Individuals are implementing their plan and making behavior modifications, typically for less than six months

Precontemplative Phase of TTM

Individuals are unaware or uninformed of the need to change behavior and have no intentions of changing. May be due to noncompliance, resistance, amotivation, or a lack of readiness for change