Chapter 1 Homework: GEO 101

Which of the following is NOT a feature of what physical geographers study?

- All of these are features of what physical geographers study. - impacts of spatial distributions of the natural environment on people - processes that created and changed the spatial distributions of natural features - interconnections between different aspects of the natural environment

Topogrpahic map contours describe the landscape with_______.

- Closely spaced lines in steep areas x Index contours as faint lines x Closely spaced lines in flat areas

Many Earth processes are rapid but have persisted over thousands of years, making them a slow process overall. Which of these two processes follow such a pattern?

- Formation of landscapes from volcanic flows - The Colorado River flowing through the Grand Canyon x Seashells washing ashore x Circumnavigating of jet stream winds

Select all the descriptions that apply to lines of longitude.

- Lines of longitude run north-south on the globe. - Eastern longitudes have positive degrees. x Lines of longitude run east-west on the globe. x All lines of longitude are small circles.

Maps allow users to_______.

- Measure slope steepness x Predict climate change -Navigate - Visualize landscapes

Which of the following is true of meridians?

- Meridians always follow great circles. x Meridians are always parallel to each other. x The highest degree label for meridians is 90°. x Meridians run from east to west.

Map scale can be used to describe distance conversions or _______.

- The amount of area shown on a map

Which of the following apply to latitudes?

- The equator is measured as 0 degrees latitude. - Lines of latitude are parallels, running east-west across the globe. x Northern latitudes are expressed as negative, and southern latitudes are expresses as positive.

What are the characteristics of parallels?

- They are equal distance from each other. - The shortest parallels are near the poles. x They are parallel with Earth's spinning axis. x Parallels by themselves are enough to determine location.

Which of the following is an example of a small circle?

- Tropic of Cancer x Prime Meridian x Equator x International Date Line

The significance of any great circle is that it always

- connects two points on the surface of a sphere with the shortest distance. x follows the same line of latitude. x passes through the point where the equator intersects with the Prime Meridian. x passes through the North or South Pole.

Greenwich mean time (GMT) is a system of

- coordinating the rules for what time should appear on a clock, around the world. x determining what years should be considered leap years and which should not. x identifying the phase of the lunar cycle. x determining when daylight savings time should go into effect.

The meanings of elevation and relief imply that

- elevation cannot be smaller than relief except when comparing areas below sea level. x elevation and relief are the same when the location is far inland. x relief must always exceed elevation in coastal areas but elevation must always exceed relief in mountainous areas. x the units of measurement of elevation must be different from the units of measurement of relief.

Points on a map to the same side of a certain contour on a topographic map will all have

- elevations that are all above, or all below, the elevation that the contour represents. x the same mineral composition, unless there is no index contour on the map. x rivers and streams that run parallel to the contour line, while points on the other side of that contour have rivers and streams that do not run parallel to the contour line. x more similar climate than points to the other side of that contour line.

A land surface rising 2 meters for every 100 meters has a _____ of 0.2.

- gradient

Shaded relief maps are most directly helpful in

- identifying the shape of features of the Earth. x determining the average annual climatic features across the Earth's surface. x representing the types of features on the surface of the Earth. x "seeing through" the surface of the Earth to the subsurface.

The detailed roads of a very small area, such as your neighborhood, would need to be shown on a map at what scale?

- large x small

A steep slope implies a

- steep gradient and closely-spaced contours. x weak gradient and closely-spaced contours. x weak gradient and widely-spaced contours. x steep gradient and widely-spaced contours.

Elevation Depth Relief

- vertical distance measured from sea level to feature height - vertical distance measured from sea level to feature height below water surface - vertical distance of one feature compared to another nearby

Shaded-relief maps allow users to_________.

- visualize x determine soil structure x understand storm water flow paths

Order the important lines of latitude from the northern at the top to southern at the bottom.

1. Arctic Circle 2. Tropic of Cancer 3. Equator 4.Tropic of Capricorn 5. Antarctic Circle

The tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are _______ degrees above and below the equator, and the Arctic and Atlantic Circles are _______ degrees above and below the equator.

23.5, 66.5

A common scale for U.S. topographic maps is 1:100,000, which represents 1 inch equaling ________ feet.

8,333 (100,000/12)

If it is 9:00 a.m. in your time zone, two time zones west of you the clock will say

- 7:00 a.m. x 11:00 a.m.

The number of degrees of longitude that a place has is derived from the angle formed by the place's location on the Earth surface,

the center of the Earth at the same latitude, and the Prime Meridian at the same latitude.

The longitude-based system for standardized time is used to determine_________.

the hours, minutes, and seconds of each day

All lines of longitude converge at _________.

the poles

If two places have the same latitude but different longitudes,

the two places are directly east or west of each other.

0° of latitude is found at the ______ and the 90° of latitude is found at the _____.

Equator; North Pole

The Prime Meridian, defined as the 0 degree longitude measurement, is used as the global reference point for our time system. The time zone at the Prime Meridian is called__________ Mean Time.

Greenwich

The _____ is an imaginary line, a parallel, that divides Earth into top and bottom halves.

equator

The intersection of a plane with a sphere creates a(n) ________ circle when the plane passes through the sphere's center. The equator is an example of one on Earth.

great

Referencing the scale of maps, those that show a local area in good detail on a small map are called ______-scale maps, and those that show a large area on a relatively small map are called _____-scale maps.

large small Large-scale maps: have a large representative fraction. Small-scale maps have a small representative fraction.

All lines of ________ are parallel to the Equator.

latitude

Longitudinal divisions of time zones are done along________.

longitudinal and political lines, and landscape features

Humanly-created representations of Earth's surface are known as _______. Features such as roads, rivers, and buildings are represented by________.

maps, symbols

North-south lines called _________________ are used to measure longitude.

meridians

East west lines called _________________ are used to measure latitude.

parallels

On a globe or map, precise positioning of places is determined by a universally accepted grid system. This system consists of lines of latitude, represented by _________, and lines of longitude, represented by_________.

parallels, meridians

The purpose of Daylight Savings Time is to

provide an extra hour of daylight in the evening hours, to conserve energy, at the expense of an hour of daylight in the morning hours.

Geographers use direction and distance to define__________, that is, the position of one place with reference to another.

relative location

The mathematical relationship between actual distance on the ground and its representation on a map is known as________.

scale

A frame of reference that includes ________ is needed to communicate the location of an object to another person.

scale, origin, and direction

Preexisting maps are _________ data sources, providing information to answer a new question using confirmed data from an established map.

secondary

A plane that intersects a sphere, without going through it's center, creates a _______ circle.

small

Topographic images are made using laser and radar measurements from _________.

spacecraft and photographs

When a plane taking aerial photographs takes two pictures of the same place just seconds apart, it creates a set of images called a ______ pair. To view the images as 3D, a tool called a ____________ is used.

stereo stereoscope

Choose Earth's hemispheres

Northern Southern Western Eastern

The ______ Meridian, a line of longitude, runs between the poles and through Greenwich, Unites Kingdom.

Prime

On the included map, which of the following are classified as interpretations?

Rain/Thunderstorms High- and low- pressure systems

Identify each of the following Earth processes as slow or rapid.

Rapid: Wind speed, Ocean wave speed Slow: Continental movement, Groundwater movement

True or false: Meridians run in the same direction as Earth's spinning axis.

True - Meridians circle the globe from pole to pole.

Select the three ways scale can be shown on a map.

Bar scale Ratio of distance Written description

________ maps are used in the field as a way of recording new data that are encountered while on the ground.

Base

Primary, or _________, is generated from new maps and observations.

brand-new data

Topographic maps are created using both laser and radar measurements and _________.

by survey teams taking physical measurements

In the latitude given as 35 degrees 53' 28" N, the 35 degrees stands for _______, the 53' stands for _____, the 28" stands for ____, and the N stands for the _____ Hemisphere.

degrees, minutes, seconds

Rate is calculated to determine how quickly something is changing and is expressed as_________.

distance/time