Chapter 1

Matteo, a researcher at a university, was instructed to to divide 100 people involved in a research study into 2 different groups. Beucase he was not sure who to put in each group, he decided to randomly give every person a number and then proceeded to put the even numbered people in Group A and the odd numbered people in Group B. When he completed this task, his supervisor had this to say:

"Great work, Matteo. Now we don't have to worry about selection bias." "Nice job, Matteo. I see you know how important random assignment is."

Case study

*In-depth study one/few individuals using observation, interview and/or psychological testing Ex: Rare psychological disorders & brain damage

Independent Variable

- cause - manipulated/change -exposed in Experimental group

B.F Skinner

-believed mind, consciousness, and feelings are neither objective nor measurable

Evolutionary

-inherited tendencies proven adaptive in humans -more interest in dating & look good

Biological Psychology

-roles of inherited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans -often work in *NEUROSCIENCE

Sociocultural Approach

-roles of social & cultural influences on behavior -a person can't fully understand other without understand their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity

Humanistic

-stresses importance of free will, personal choice, growth, responsibility -importance of an individual's subject experience as a key to understanding his or her behavior

Scientific Method

1) Hypothesis 2) Design the Study 3) Collect Data 4) Results 5) Conclusions

Correlation Research

2 things occur together: -Strength : how often occur -Direction: increase/decrease

Dr. Jacob is seeing 8 year old Robert for their first therapy session. Based on the interview, Dr. Jacob is convinced that Robert's aggressive behavior is primarily due to the fact that 1. he has witnessed his father;s domestic violence toward his mother for the past 2 years and 2. no one in his household has reprimanded him for being aggressive at home. based on this information, Dr. Jacob most likely practices form which school of thought?

Behaviorism

feeling of depressions have convinced Nyla to seek out a therapist. When she met with the therapist, she answered the following questions regarding her behavior. Has your sleeping changed? Has your appetite changed? Have you been crying? Have you been unable to go to work? Most likely, Nyla's therapist is from which school of though?

Behaviorism

imagine you are seeing a therapist for the first time for depression, when meeting with him.her, you are asked "Does anyone in your family also suffer form depression?" what school of thought does this question reflect?

Biological psychology

Descriptive Research Designs

Case study Surveys Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation

Experimental Research

Cause & Effect: - determine what's likely making something else happen

Which of the following is UNDESIRABLE in the experimental method?

Cofounding variable

Aisha is a psychologists who focuses on environmental causes of misbehaviors, in addition to the unconscious forces that affect those behaviors. She helps those she sees in therapy to realize that they are basically good people and then helps them to make better choices for themselves. which approach BEST describes Aisha's way of practicing psychology?

Eclectic

when psychologists are knowledgeable in all of the school of thought and use various theories and techniques depending on the problem presented, they are considered to be of what psychological perspective?

Eclectic

When a researcher somehow influences participants' responses and/or behaviors, even though the researcher is not consciously aware of it, _________ has occurred.

Experimenter bias

Dr. Maizenblu was testing out a new medication used to treat depression. He had 150 participants who had varying levels of depression. Because he wanted to see if the new drug really worked, he separated the severely depressed. he then made sure the severely depressed group actually received the drug while the other groups received the placebo. What error, if any, did Dr. Maizenblu make in this experiment?

He showed selection bias

Dr. simpson use interested in surveying people to find out the nation;s opinion as to whether or not to death penalty should be allowed. In order to get enough opinions, he begins polling everyone he knows, then he polls everyone who lives on his street. Finally, he calls everyone in the phone book listed under 's' and records their opinions. He ends up with 1,200 total responses. which of the following best summarized dr. simp son's result?

His result should NOT be considered meaningful, because the sample of the people polled did not accurately reflect, or represent, the nation's population

imagine you are seeing a therapist for the first time for depression. When meeting with him/her, you are asked, "What choices have you tried to make a to help you work through this sadness?" What school of thought does this question reflect?

Humanistic psychology

Heather decides to seek our a therapist to help her work through feelings of anxiety. Her therapist allows her to direct the therapy sessions and discuss what she feels is relevant. Her therapist, who views Heather as a good person, also suggests she attend group therapy to teach her how to make better choices for herself. Based on this information, to which school of thought does Heather's therapist most likely adhere?

Humanistic theory

Jack and Jill are colleagues working in a psychology clinic. they are doing research on children who exhibit symptoms of ADHD. tHEY ARE TO EACH OBSERVE THESE CHILDREN AND TALLY UP HOW MANY TIMES THEY SEE SYMPTOMS OF ADHD. After observing the children for an hour, Jack and Jill compare tally marks. Which of the scenario suggests that observer bias DID play a role in their observations?

Jack counted 8 behaviors; Jill counted 27 behaviors

Surveys

Looks at cases in *Less *Depth -Random Sampling

Cognitive Psychology

Mental Process: -thinking, learning, remembering, etc.. and how these effect our well-being -humans actively altering & shaping their experiences -*Cognitive *therapies teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking *in *order *to *feel *better

What does it says TRUE regarding the unconscious in psychoanalytic theory?

Our behavior is influenced by what is tired in our unconscious

Which of the following research techniques will help to avoid selection bias?

Random assignment

in survey research, a _______ should be used to help to avoid a biased sample

Random sample

_______ occurs when participants assignment into the experimental and control groups results in differences between the groups before the research is carried out

Selection bias

_____ was an advocate for the idea of the unconscious.

Sigmund Freud

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Evolutionary

Student believes studying is unimportant because: -potential mates are more interested in his physical appearance & capacity for social dominance than they are in his grades

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Cognitive

Student does not use effective learning strategies such as the SQ3R method

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Socialcultural

Student doesn't want to be perceived as "Nerd" -so he studies just enough

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Behavioral

Student has not been reinforced for getting good grades in the past

which of the following examples would a base study be most appropriated?

Studying a rare genetic disorder that affects one;s psychological functioning

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Humanistic

Studying for exams does not fit into this student's definition of a meaningful life

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Psychoanalytic

Unresolved early childhood emotional trauma is distracting the student from his academic work

Logan is a cognitive psychologist. When seeing someone who is depressed in a therapy setting, which question is Logan most likely to ask that would reflect the cognitive school of thought?

What are your thoughts when you are feeling the saddest?

A confounding variable is

a variable that can creep up into the study and potentially throw off the result

All of the following are considered descriptive research methods EXCEPT: a. experimental methods b. naturalistic observation c. surveys d. laboratory observations e. case studies

a. experimental methods

All of the following are reasons to use the correlational method instead of the experimental method EXCEPT: a. it allows researchers to determine cause and effect b. it is not harmful to participants in the research c. it can be a way to study events after they have occurred d. it does not go against ethical principles to carry out e. it does not violate any civil rights of the participants

a. it allows researchers to determine cause and effect

All of the following are true of the placebo in experimental research EXCEPT: a. it helps to avoid the placebo effect b. it is unjustified to trick the participants so the placebo should really not used c. it is inert or harmless substance d. it is a technique used so researchers can treat the experimental and control groups in a smiler manner e. it is given to the control group in certain research studies

a. it helps to avoid the placebo effect b. it is unjustified to trick the participants so the placebo should really not used

Selection bias

assignment yields systematic difference between groups present at the Beginning of an experiment - Random assignment is the solution

Based on the following correlation coefficients, which is most likely to best reflect the relationship between calorie intake and overall weight loss? a. +0.79 b. -0.80 c. +1.15 d. -0.07 e. +0.19

b. -0.80

All of the following are sources of bias in research EXCEPT a. all of these b. random assignment c. placebo effect d. experimenter bias e. selection bias

b. random assignment

Based on the following correlation coefficients, which of the following best represent the relationship between being the victim of child abuse and that victim's anxiety? a.-0.87 b.+0.92 c.-0.07 d.+0.30 e.+1.56

b.+0.92

Psychoanalysis

by Freud -Unconscious motivation & early childhood experiences determine behavior & thought

Operant Conditioning

by Skinner -emphasizes importance of reinforcement/reward in learning, shaping & maintaining behavior

Behaviorism

by Watson - only observable, measurable behavior is appropriate in Psychology - *Environment determinant behavior

Based on the following correlation coefficients, which of the following best represent the relationship between hair length and heart rate? a.-1.72 b.+0.94 c.0.00 d.+1.12 e.-0.56

c.0.00

When conducting research, experimenters must be aware that the placebo effect

can occur when participants really want the treatment to work

imagine you are seeing a therapist for the first time for depression. When meeting with him/her, you are asked, "what do your thoughts seem to revolve around when you feel sad? what school of thought does this question reflect?

cognitive psychology

Eclectic

combinations of major psychology school of thoughts to develop a treatment strategy

In the experimental method, participants who do NOT experience the independent variable, or who may experience the placebo are referred to as the ______ group.

control

in the experimental method, participants who do NOT experience the independent variable are referred to as the _________ group whereas participants who do experience the independent variable are part of the ________ group.

control; experimental

in which of the following would a psychologist from the cognitive school of thought be interested? a. decision making b. perception c. thinking d. all of these e. memory processing

d. all of these - decision making - perception - thinking - memory processing

All of the following are true regarding the humanistic theory EXCEPT: a. individuals who make good choices can move toward personal growth and psychological health b. individuals have free will and thus can close not to be victims of a poor childhood c. individuals are destined to achieve psychological harmony d. individuals have the capability to make conscious, well throughout out choices e. individuals are viewed as basically good

d. individuals have the capability to make conscious, well throughout out choices

When using correlational studies, can researchers infer a cause-effect relationship between the variables? a. yes, as long as the variables are strongly related and measures are taken to make sure no bias occurred b. no, but it only becomes problematic to infer the cause-effect when the correlation coefficient is negative c. yes, as long as the correlation coefficient is close to 0.00 d. no, what may look like a cause-effect relationship may really be explained by other factors e. yes, as long as the correlation coefficient is positive

d. no, what may look like a cause-effect relationship may really be explained by other factors

the variable that is measured in the end referred to as ______.

dependent variable

A case study is a(n) _____ in which _____ is/are studied in depth, over a long period of time

descriptive research method; one or few a individuals

Neuroscience is a field that involves: a. biochemist b. psychologists c. medical researchers d. biologists e. all of these

e. all of these - biochemist - psychologists - medical researchers - biologists

Which of following is True regarding behaviorism? a. John Watson founded this school of thought b. it rests on the idea that behavior is learned c. it states that only observable and measurable behaviors should be studied. d. it rests on the idea that our environment shapes our behavior. e. all of these are true regarding behaviorism

e. all of these are true regarding behaviorism - John Watson founded this school of thought - it rests on the idea that behavior is learned - it states that only observable and measurable behaviors should be studied. - it rests on the idea that our environment shapes our behavior.

Which of the following would likely have a positive correlation? a. relaxation and stress b. use of sleeping pills and wakefulness c. time spent studying and failing grades d. depression and overall life satisfaction e. overeating and weight

e. overeating and weight

Which of the following would likely have negative correlation? a. water consumption and hydration b. nervousness an tension c. anxiety level and alcohol use d. cell phone use while driving and car accidents e. use of sunscreen and sunburn

e. use of sunscreen and sunburn

which school of thought would be most concerned with behavior changes that promote survival in the face of environmental pressures?

evolutionary

which research methods used to set up a ca-se-effect relation b/w two variables?

experimental method

Student's Poor Performance on Exams - Biological

inappropriate level of emotional arousal (test anxiety) prevent students from performing well

The variable that the experimenter changes, or manipulates in an experimental method is referred to as the _______.

independent value

Dependent variable

measure the effects at the end of experiment - effect

One main difference between behaviorism, psychoanalytic theory, and humanistic theory is that..

of the three, humanistic theory purports that individuals have voluntary influence over their own behavior

Placebo Effect

person's belief cause EXPECTED RESPONSE to override the natural response

When two variables move in the same diction, the correlation coefficient will be ______; when two variables move in the opposite direction, the correlation coefficient will be _______.

positive; negative

______ helps to avoid selection bias whereas _______ helps avoid biased sample.

random assignment; random sampling

In experimental research, a selection bias can ...

result in pre-existing differences between groups before the study is completed -acts as confounding variable -skew the results of study -cause differences among the groups

Neuroscience

studies how body and brain enable emotions, memories, & experiences: -biology -biochemistry -psychology

Naturalistic Observation

studying behavior occur naturally in the environment

Travis spent most his career studying treatments for depression. When he finally gets a chance to test out the new treatment he has spent the last give years creating, his colleague stop him and suggests he use a double-blind technique. Travis should..

thank his colleague for helping him to avoid experimenter bias

What two pieces of information can we get form looking at the correlation coefficient?

the Direction and the Strength of the relationship between the 2 variables

the independent variable is _______ where as the dependable variable is _________.

the variable that experimenter changes around; the variable that is measured in the end

Laboratory Observation

use Electronic equipment Ex: sleep studies

Which of the following are advantages to the use of naturalistic observation as a research method?

we can study behavior in naturally occurring environments

Experimenter Bias

when researcher's expectation either intentionally/unintentionally

Researchers at Spartan University were interested in finding out if watching Elmo's World helped 3 year old children with their language development. Half of the children were to watch Elmo's World five times a week while other half of the children did not watch Elmo's World. Three months later, all of the children had their language tested. In this experiment, the independent variable was ________; the dependent variable was ________.

whether or not Elmo' World was watched; language development