Chapter 1: Human Growth and Development
Goals of Substance Abuse/Use Disorder Treatment
1. Abstinence from substances 2. Maximizing life functioning 3. Preventing or reducing the frequency ands severity of relapse
Main tasks of family with adolescents
-adjusting parent-child relationships to allow adolescents more autonomy -adjusting family relationships to focus on midlife relationship and career issues -taking on responsibility of caring for families of origin
Essential to working with families, there needs to be an understanding about the partners of inheritance between generations
-autosomal dominant -autosomal recessive -X-linked recessive
Ego psychology addresses
-behavior in varying situations -reality testing: perception of a situation -coping abilities: ego strengths -capacity for relating to others
Social work techniques that help social workers in developing a better understanding of the meaning of clients' communication
-clarifying -paraphrasing -confronting -interpreting
Individual strengths include (but are not limited to)
-cognitive abilities -coping mechanisms -personal attributes -interpersonal skills -external resources
Methods to enhance strengths include
-collaboration and partnership between social worker and client -creating opportunities for learning or displaying competencies -environmental modification: environmental is both a resource and a target of intervention
Main tasks of later family life
-coping with physiological decline in self and others -adjusting to children taking a more central role in family maintenance -valuing the wisdom and experience of the elderly -dealing with loss of spouse and peers -preparing for death, life review, and reminiscence
Main tasks of childless couple stage
-developing a way to live together both practically and emotionally -adjusting relationships with families of origin and peers to include partner
Main tasks of leaving home
-differentiating self from family of origin and parents and developing adult-to-adult relationships with parents -developing intimate peer relationships -beginnings work, developing work identity, and financial independence
Factors associated with positive body image
-Acceptance and appreciation of natural bod shape and body differences -Self-worth not tied to appearance -Confidence in and comfort with body -An unreasonable amount of time is not spent worrying about food, weight, or calories -Judgment of others is not made related to their body weight, shape, and/or eating or exercise habits -Knowing physical appearance says very little about character and value as a person
Examples of age-specific care for middle adults
-Address worries about future: encourage talking about feelings, plans, and so on -Recognize the person's physical, mental, and social abilities/contributions -Help with plans for a healthy active retirement
Examples of age-specific care for older children
-Allow child to make some care decisions (in which arm do you want your vaccination?) -Build self-esteem: ask child to help you do a task, recognize his/her achievements, and so on -Guide child in making healthy, safe lifestyle choices -Help parents talk with child about peer pressure, sexuality, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
Young Adults (Age 18-35): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: be supportive and honest; respect personal values -Health: encourage regular checkups; promote healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, exercise, weight, etc.); inform about health risks (heart disease, cancer, etc.); update immunizations -Safety: provide information on hazards at home and work
Elders (Age 80+): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: encourage the person to express feelings, thoughts, avoid despair; use humor, stay positive -Health: monitor health closely, promote self-care; ensure proper nutrition, activity level, rest; reduce stress, update immunizations -Safety: prevent injury, ensure safe living environment
Young Children (Age 4-6): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: give praise, rewards, clear rules -Health: keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; promote healthy habits (good nutrition, personal hygiene, etc.) -Safety: promote safety habits (use bike helmets, safety bells, etc.)
Older Adults (Age 65-79): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: give respect, prevent isolation; encourage acceptance of aging -Health: monitor health closely; promote physical, mental, social activity; guard against depression, apathy; update immunizations -Safety: promote home safety; especially preventing falls
Older Children (Age 7-12): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: help child to feel competent, useful -Health: keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; give info on alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, and sexuality -Safety: promote safety habits (playground safety, resolving conflicts peacefully, etc.)
Middle Age Adults (Age 36-64): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: keep a hopeful attitude; focus on strengths, not limitations -Health: encourage regular checkups and preventive exams; address age-related changes; monitor health risks; update immunizations -Safety: address age-related changes (effects on sense, reflexes, etc.)
Adolescent Development: Key Health Care Issues
-Communication: provide acceptance, privacy; build teamwork, respect -Health: encourage regular checkups; promote sexual responsibility, advise against substance abuse; update immunizations -Safety: discourage risk-taking (promote safe driving, violence prevention, etc.)
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0-3): Key Health Care Issues
-Communication—provide security, physical closeness; promote healthy parent-child bonds -Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; provide proper nutrition, sleep, skin care, oral health, and routine screening -Safety—ensure a safe environment for exploring, playing, sleeping
Factors of negative body image
-Distorted perception of shape or body parts, unlike what they really are -Believing only other people are attractive and that body size or shape is a sign of personal failure -Feeling body doesn't measure up to family, social, or media ideals -Ashamed, self-conscious, and anxious about body -Uncomfortable and awkward in body -Constant negative thoughts about body and comparisons to others
Examples of age-specific care for infants and toddlers
-involve child and parents in care during feeding, diapering, and bathing -provide safe toys and opportunities for play -encourage child to communicate—smile, talk softly -help parents learn about proper child care
An event will most likely lead to emotional or psychological trauma if:
-it happened unexpectedly -there was not preparation for it -there is a feeling of having been powerless to prevent it -it happens repeatedly -someone was intentionally cruel -it happened in childhood
Family strengths include (but are not limited to)
-kinship bonds -community supports -religious connections -flexible roles -strong ethnic traditions
Main tasks of family of origin experiences
-maintaining relationships with parents, siblings, and peers -completing education -developing the foundations of a family life
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0-3): Healthy Growth and Development
-physical-grows at a rapid rate, especially brain size -mental-learns through senses, exploring, communicates by crying, babbling, then "baby talk", simple sentences -social-emotional- seeks to build trust in others, dependent, beginning to develop a sense of self
Young Children (Age 4-6): Healthy Growth and Development
-physical—grows at a slower rate; improving motor skills; dresses self, toilet trained -mental—begins to use symbols; improving memory; vivid imagination, fears; likes stories -social-emotional—identifies with parents; becomes more independent, sensitive to others' feelings
Maint asks of family with young children
-realigning family system to make space for children -adopting and developing parenting roles -realigning relationships with families of origin to include parenting and grand parenting roles -facilitating children to develop peer relationships
Main tasks of launching children
-resolving midlife issues -negotiating adult-to-adult relationships with children -adjusting to living as a couple again -adjusting to including in-laws and grandchildren within the family circle -dealing with disabilities and death in the family of origin
Main tasks of premarriage stage
-selecting partners -developing a relationship -deciding to establish own home with someone
Things that can affect the family life cycle
-severe illness -financial problems -death of a loved one
Types of genetic conditions
-single gene disorders -chromosome anomalies -multi factorial disorders -effect of harmful environmental toxins on development
Healthy functioning in family dynamics
-treating each family member as an individual -having regular routines and structures -being connected to extended family, friends, and the community -having realistic expectations -spending quality time -ensuring that members take care of their own needs and not just the family needs -helping one another through example and direct assistance
Children who are removed from their homes due to abuse and/or neglect:
-typically are higher users of mental health or other social services before being placed away -report a high level of stress, which may manifest in substance abuse, chronic aggressive or destructive behavior, suicidal ideation or acting out, and/or patterns of runaway behavior. -academic problems are common
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Sensorimotor
0-2y. Retains images of objects, develops primitive logic in manipulating objects, begins intentional actions, play is imitative, signals meaning—infants invests meaning in event, symbol meaning (language) begins in last part of stage
Seven Stages of Crisis Intervention Model
1. Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural and lethality/imminent danger assessment 2. Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship 3. Identify the major problems, including crisis precipitants 4. Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions 5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies 6. Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan 7. Plan follow-up
Stages of group development
1. Preaffiliation 2. Power and control 3. Intimacy 4. Differentiation 5. Separation
Classical model of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity development
1. Preencounter 2. Encounter 3. Immersion-Emersion 4. Internalization and Commitment
Three ways to reduce dissonance
1. Reduce the importance of conflicting beliefs 2. Acquire new beliefs that change the balance 3. Remove the conflicting attitude or behavior
Stages of Couples Development Theory
1. Romance 2. Power Struggle 3. Stability 4. Commitment 5. Co-Creation
Systems Theory Applications to Social Work
1. Social workers need to understand interactions between the micro, meso, and macro levels. 2. Problems at one part of a system may be manifested at another. 3. Ecomaps and genograms can help to understand system dynamics. 4. Understanding "person-in-environment" is essential to identifying barriers or opportunities for change. 5. Problems and change are viewed within larger contexts.
Objects Relations Theory
A focus of Margaret Mahler's work. It's centered on relationships with others. Lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in early attachment with parents, especially mothers.
Disability
A normal phenomenon in the sense that it exists in all societies. Although medical explanations remain primary in defining it, the history took an important turn in the latter half of the 20th century that has significantly influenced responses to it.
Use of cocaine, followed by a "crash"
A period of anxiety, fatigue, depression, and acute desire for more of the drug to alleviate those continued feelings
Devaluation
A person attributes exaggerated negative qualities to self or another. It's the split of primitive idealization.
Substance use disrupting family and destroying relationships
A person's preoccupation with it, plus its impacts on mood and performance, can lead to relationship/marital problems. They might spend more time getting and using substances than attending to his/her relationships with others.
Dissociation
A process that enables a person to split mental functions in a manner that allows him/her to express forbidden or unconscious impulses without taking responsibility for the action, either because he/she is unable to remember the disowned behavior, or because it is not experienced as his/her own. Ex; pathologically expressed as fugue states, amnesia, or dissociative neurosis, or normally expressed as daydreaming
Output
A product of the system that exports to the environment
Id
A reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression. It is unconscious, operating according to the pleasure principle.
Behavioral personality theory
A result of interaction between the individual and the environment. These theories study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account
5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies
A social worker and a client must come up with a plan for what will help improve the current situation. Brainstorming possibilities and finding out what has been helpful in the past are critical.
1. Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural and lethality/imminent danger assessment
A social worker must conduct a biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural assessment covering a client's environmental supports and stressors, medical needs and medications, current use of drugs and alcohol, and internal and external coping methods and resources. Assessing lethality is first and foremost
3. Identify the major problems, including crisis precipitants
A social worker should determine from a client why things have "come to a head." There is usually a "last straw," but a social worker should also find out what other problems a client is concerned about. It can also be useful to prioritize the problems in terms of which problems a client wants to work on first.
4. Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions
A social worker should validate a client's feelings and emotions and let him or her vent about the crisis. The use of active listening skills, paraphrasing, and probing questions is essential. A social worker should also challenge maladaptive beliefs.
Traumatic experiences often involve
A threat to life or safety, but any situation that leaves a client feeling overwhelmed and alone can be traumatic, even if it does not involve physical harm. It's not the objective facts, but a subjective emotional experience of the event that determines whether the event is traumatic.
Flooding
A treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli.
Ego strength
Ability of the ego to effectively deal with the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Helps maintain emotional stability and cope with internal and external stress.
Differentiation
Acceptance of each other as distinct individuals, known as performing
Anal Stage: Age
Age 2, when the child is being toilet trained
Phallic Stage: Age
Age 3-5
Latency Stage: Age
Age 5 to puberty
Learning Theory Development: Cognitive
Piaget. Learning is viewed through internal mental processes, including insight, info processing, memory, and perception. The locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
Another theory of attachment (not Bowlby)
Suggest that it's a set of learned behaviors. The basis for learning of attachments is the provision of food. A child will usually form an attachment to whoever feeds it. This child learns to associate the feeder with the comfort of being fed and through the process of classical conditioning, comes to find contact with the mother comforting. The child also finds that certain behaviors (crying, smiling) bring desirable responses from others and through the process of operant conditioning, they learn to repeat these behaviors in order to get the things s/he wants.
Sublimation
Potentially maladaptive feelings or behaviors are diverted into socially acceptable, adaptive channels Ex: a person who has angry feelings channels them into athletics
Positive punishment
Presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (hitting, shocking)
Projection
Primitive defense; attributing one's disowned attitudes, wishes, feelings, and urges to some external object or person
Denial
Primitive defense; inability to acknowledge true significance of thoughts, feelings, wishes, behavior, or external reality factors that are consciously intolerable.
Incorporation
Primitive mechanism in which psychic representation of a person (or parts of a person) is/are figuratively ingested
Biological aging
Progressive age-changes in metabolism, organ functioning, and so on. It is a natural and irreversible process, and it occurs with age in the human body affecting mood, attitude, and social activity.
In terms of human genetics, social workers should:
Provide counseling before and after the decision to have a genetic test and after the test itself
Family theory
Provides a theoretical and therapeutic base for dealing with family-related situations. It's also useful in understanding and managing individual problems by determining the extent to which such problems are related to family issues.
A therapeutic group
Provides a unique microcosm in which members, through the process of interacting with each other, gain more knowledge and insight into themselves for the purpose of making changes in their lives.
Premature reassurance
Providing this early or without a genuine basis is often for a social worker's benefit rather than a client's. It's a social worker's responsibility to explore and acknowledge a client's feelings, no matter how painful they are. A client may also feel that a social worker does not understand his/her situation.
Symbiotic or mutualistic relationships
Putting the needs of others before their own
Feminist theorists
Question the differences between women and men, including how race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, nationality, and age intersect with gender
Important component of trauma-informed care
Recognizing trauma's centrality to clients and how this plays into their perception of physical and emotional safety, relationships, and behaviors. When trauma goes unrecognized, it can be difficult to understand clients' behaviors or attitudes, and social workers may be tempted to assign unfounded pathologies to clients. Clients even may end up being barred from services as a result of what appears to be bizarre behavior or unfounded beliefs. Often, however, clients' otherwise challenging behavior is provoked by a legitimate trigger that easily could have been avoided.
Objects (Object Relations Theory)
Refer to people, parts of people, or physical items that symbolically represent either a person or part of a person.
Oedipus complex
Refers to a male child's sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father, whom he considers to be a rival for his mother's love.
Harm Reduction Model
Refers to any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences associated with substance use without requiring a client to discontinue use. This definition recognizes that many substance users are unwilling or unable to abstain from use at any given time and that there is a need to provide them with options that minimize the harm that continued drug use causes to them- selves, to others, and to the community.
Child development
Refers to the physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and the end of adolescence, as a child progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence, yet having a unique course. Individuals do not progress at the same rate, and each stage is affected by preceding types of development. Genetics and prenatal development are usually included as a part of the study of this type of development
Sexuality in adolescent youth
Ages 13-19. Once youth have reached puberty and beyond, they experience increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships and in genital sex behaviors. As youth mature, they experience strong emotional attachments to romantic partners and find natural to express their feelings within sexual relationships. There is no way to predict how a particular teenager will act sexually. Overall, most adolescents explore relationships with one another, fall in and out of love, ad participate in sexual intercourse before the age of 20.
Self-help groups
Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous. These groups provide mutual support and encouragement while becoming abstinent or in reaming abstinent. After completing formal treatment, the recovering person can continue attendance indefinitely as a means of maintaining sobriety.
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler, a follower of Freud and a member of his inner circle, eventually broke away, developed his own school of thought. Main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges, but striving for perfection. He pointed out that children naturally feel weak and inadequate in comparison to adults. This normal feeling of inferiority drives them to adapt, develop skills, and master challenges.
Behavioral therapies (for substance use disorder)
Ameliorate or extinguish undesirable behaviors and encourage desired ones through behavior modification
Acceptance
An acknowledgement of "what is". It does not pass judgement on a circumstance and allows clients to let go of frustration and disappointment, stress and anxiety, regret and false hopes. It is the practice of recognizing the limits of one's control. It is not giving up or excusing other people's behavior and allowing it to continue. It is not about giving in to circumstances that are unhealthy or uncomfortable.
Crisis
An acute disruption of psychological homeostasis in which a client's usual coping mechanisms fail and there's evidence of distress and functional impairment.
Systematic desensitization
An anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation-producing stimulus produces a relaxation response. At each step a client's reaction of fear or dread is overcome by pleasant feelings engendered as the new behavior is reinforced by receiving a reward. the reward could be a compliment, gift, or relaxation.
Self Psychology
An approach that defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality. As a result of receiving empathetic responses from early caretakers (self-objects), a child's needs are met and the child develops a strong sense of selfhood. The objective is to help a client develop a greater sense of self-cohesion. Through therapeutic regression, a client reexperiences frustrated self-object needs.
Suprasystem
An entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships
The impact of out-of-home placement is generally viewed as
An intervention that only occurs when there is a health or safety risk in the home
Recovery is
An ongoing process
Anal Stage: Result of fixation
An overly controlling (anal-retentive) personality or an easily angered (anal-expulsive) personality
Feminist theory
Analyzes the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women's lives.
Rapprochement, as defined by Margaret Mahler
Another sub phase of separation-individuation, but also mirrored in stability stage of couples development. Often, partners who have been successful in achieving a well-defined sense of self in relationships will have crises that will threaten their identities or separateness. They may rely more heavily on companionship and intimacy, seeking more comfort and support from each other. Thus, the stability stage is a time where there is still some back and forth between intimacy and independence, with the ultimate goal that intimacy does not sacrifice separateness.
Strength
Any ability that helps an individual or family to confront and deal with a stressful life situation and to use the challenging situation as a stimulus for growth.
Aversion therapy
Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus
Information
Anything people perceive from their environments or from within themselves. People act in response to this.
Systems and Ecological Perspectives and Theories
Applied to social work, these theories view human behavior through larger contexts, such as members of families, communities, and broader society. When one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected. Systems tend toward equilibrium and can have closed or open boundari
Trauma-informed care organizations, programs, and services
Are based on an understanding of the vulnerabilities or triggers of trauma survivors that traditional service delivery approaches may exacerbate, so that these services and programs can be more supportive and avoid re-traumatization.
Family systems approach
Argues that in order to understand a family system, a social worker must look at the family as a whole, rather than focusing on its members.
Cognitive dissonance
Arises when a person has to choose between two contradictory attitudes and beliefs. The most of this arises when two options are equally attractive.
Equifinality
Arriving at the same end from different beginnings
Social Development Theory: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
As people grow older and become senior citizens, they tend to slow down and explore life as retired people. It's during this time that they contemplate accomplishments.
Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT)
Assist with interfering with the symptoms associated with use.
Internalization and Commitment
At this point, a client has developed a secure sense of identity and is comfortable socializing both within and outside the group with which he/she identifies.
Preencounter
At this point, the client may not be consciously aware of his or her culture, race, or ethnicity and how it may affect his or her life
Personality theories
Attempt to explain both characteristics and the way these characteristics develop and impact behavior/functioning.
Relapse occurs when
Attitudes, behaviors, and values revert to what they were during active drug or alcohol use. It most frequently occurs during early stages of recovery, but it can occur at any time. Prevention is critical part of treatment
Substance abuse or dependence affects friends and family members of the user
Because there's a chance that using can result in accidental injury, disability, legal involvement, and/or loss of income or employment.
Aging's negative connotation
Becomes synonymous with deterioration, approaching pathology, and death.
Genital Stage: Age
Begins at puberty
Ego-dystonic
Behavior "dis-n-sync" with the ego, so there's guilt. If a client is bothered by his/her behaviors. Ego alien.
Negative reinforcement
Behavior increases because a negative (aversive) stimulus is removed (remove shock)
Individuals are unwilling to accept a will greater than their own
Behavior is chaotic, disordered, and reckless. Individuals tend to defy and disobey, and are extremely egoistic. They lack empathy for others. Very young children can be at this stage. Adults who do not move beyond this point in the continuum may engage in criminal activity because they cannot obey rules.
Biofeedback
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. Normally used often for ADHD and anxiety disorders.
Ego-syntonic
Behaviors "insync" with the ego, so no guilt. When the ego is comfortable with its conclusions and behaviors.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Lawerence Kohlberg
Believed that moral development parallels cognitive development. His theory holds that moral development, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has 6 identifiable developmental constructive stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. The higher the stage, the greater ability in terms of decision making and handling complex dilemmas. cannot skip a stage.
Negative punishment
Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (removing something positive, such as a token or dessert)
Time out
Removal of something desirable - negative punishment technique
Echolalia
Repeating noises and phrases. It is associated with Catatonia, Autism spectrum disorder, Schizophrenia, and other disorders.
Conversion
Repressed urge is expressed disguised as a disturbance of body function, usually of the sensory, voluntary nervous system. Ex; pain, deafness, blindness, paralysis, convulsions, tics.
Social Development Theory: Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth to 1y. Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver(s). If it develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him or her and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion can result in an ability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. May result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and feelings of mistrust in the world around them.
Oral Stage: Age
Birth to roughly 12 months
Anal Stage: Sources of pleasure
Bowel movements
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Analysis (4th Level)
Breaking down information into component parts
Practicing (9 to 16 months):
Brought about the infant's ability to crawl and then walk freely; the infant begins to explore actively and becomes more distant from the mother.
Trauma-informed care
Can be viewed as an overarching philosophy and approach based on the understanding that many clients have suffered traumatic experiences and providers must be responsible for being sensitive to this issue, regardless of whether clients are being treated specifically for the trauma. So approach all clients as if they have a trauma history, regardless of the services for which they're being seen.
Too much ego strength
Can become too unyielding and rigid.
Chronic use of some substances
Can cause long-lasting changes in the brain, which may lead to paranoia, depression, aggression, and hallucinations
Social Development Theory: Erik Erikson's Theory—Failure to Complete
Can results in a reduced ability t complete further stages and therefore, a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. Can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Health or safety risk due to the individual who is being removed
Caused by a medical or behavioral health issue of the individual
Health of safety risk due to the individual's family members
Caused by abuse, neglect, medical or behavioral health issues of a family member, etc.
Conflict theorists
Challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak. They note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society.
Physical changes that occur in aging
Changes in stamina, strength, or sensory perception, will vary based on personal health choices, medical history, and genetics
Stage 3: Stability
Characterized by the redirection of personal attention, time, and activities away from partners and toward one's self. Individuals focus on personal needs in a manner that is respectful of others. Autonomy and individuality are key. Relationships are seen as more mature as disagreements can occur with both parties "winning". There is acceptance that partners are different from one another, and power struggles to minimize these differences are avoided.
Freud's belief that personality is solidified during
Childhood, largely before age 5
Authoritarian Parenting
Children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to show such rules usually results in punishment. These parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. This parenting style leads to those who are obedient and proficient, but are lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem.
Sexuality in infants and toddlers
Children are sexual even before birth. Males can have erections while still in the uterus, and some boys are born with an erection. Infants touch and rub their genitals because it provides pleasure. Little boys and girls can experience orgasm from masturbation, although boys will not ejaculate until puberty. By about age 2, children know their own gender. they are aware of differences in the genitals of males and females and in how males and females urinate.
Individuals have blind faith in authority figures and see the world as divided simply into good and evil and right and wrong
Children who learn to obey their parents and other authority figures move to this point in the continuum. Many "religious" people who have blind faith in a spiritual being and do not question its existence may also be at this point. Individuals who are good, law abiding citizens may never move further in the continuum.
If the skills and milestones are not mastered in a family life cycle,
Clients are more likely to have difficulty with relationships and future transitions
In each stage of the family life cycle,
Clients face challenges in family life that allow the building or gaining of new skils
Entropy
Closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Synthesis (5th Level)
Combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
Learning Theory Development
Conceptual framework describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all plays a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed, as well as how knowledge and skills are retained.
Inability of the ego to reconcile demands of the id, superego, and reality produces
Conflict that leads to a state of psychic distress known as anxiety.
Stage 5: Co-Creation
Constancy is the hallmark at this stage. Just like children who are able to internalize and maintain images of their mothers/caregivers and use them to soothe in stressful moments, couples in this stage are able to do something similar. Each partner is able to value and respect the separateness of the other. The foundation of the relationship is no longer personal need, but the appreciation and love of the other and the support and respect for mutual growth. Often, couples in this stage work on projects together, such as businesses, charities, and/or families. This stage aims to make a contribution beyond the relationship itself. Like Erik Erikson's stage of psychosocial functioning in mid- dle adulthood, which focuses on the crisis of generativity versus stagnation, this stage of couples development aims to create or nurture things that are enduring, often by creating positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment.
Preconscious
Contains all the information outside of a client's attention but readily available if needed--thoughts and feelings that can be brought into consciousness easily.
Conscious
Contains all the information that a client is paying attention to at any given time
Unconscious
Contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives.
Self-esteem in adolescence
Continues to decline, perhaps due to a decrease in body image and other problems associated with puberty, as well as the increasing ability to think abstractly coupled with more academic and social challenges.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Application (3rd Level)
Correct use of facts, rules, or ideas
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Development Theory
Cultural, racial, and ethnic identities are important. They may instill feelings of shared commitment and values and a sense of belonging that may otherwise be missing. Cultural, racial, and ethnic identities are passed from one gen to the next through customs, traditions, language, religious practice, and cultural values. Current events, mainstream media, and popular literature also influence cultural, racial, and ethnic identities.
Deficiency needs
D-Needs. -Physiological -Safety -Social -Esteem These needs arise due to deprivation. The satisfaction of these needs helps to "avoid" unpleasant feelings or consequences
True objectivity
Dealing with the world as it is, rather than as one needs it to be. Developed during self-actualisation.
Self-esteem in older adulthood
Declines, may be due to loss of employèrent due to retirement, loss of a spouse or friends, and/or health problems
Splitting
Defense mechanism associated with borderline personality disorder in which a person perceives self and others as "all good" or "all bad". It serves to protect the good objects. A person cannot integrate the good and bad in people.
Psychiatric Addiction Theory
Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, low tolerance for stress; other mental health disorders; feelings of desperation; loss of control over one's life
object constancy (24-38 months)
Describes the phase when the child understands that the mother has a separate identity and is truly a separate individual. Provides the child with an image that helps supply him/her with an unconscious level of guiding support and comfort. Deficiencies in positive internalization could possibly lead to a sense of insecurity and low self-esteem issues in adulthood.
Decompensation
Deterioration of existing defeses
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Jean Piaget
Developmental psychologist whose stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it. Children learn through interaction with the environment and others.
In role theories, when assessing, social workers view problems as
Differences between clients' behaviors and the expectations of others with regard to roles
Separation/Individuation (5-9 months)
Differentiation/Hatching The infant ceases to be ignorant of the differentiation between him/her and the mother. Increased alertness and interest for the outside world. Using the mother as a point of orientation.
Use of cocaine can be associated with
Dilated pupils, hyperactivity, restlessness, perspiration, anxiety, and impaired judgment
Displacement
Directing an impulse, wish, or feeling toward a person or situation that is not its real object, thus permitting expression in a less threatening situation. Ex: A man angry at his boss kicks his dog.
Themes from feminist theory
Discrimination, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, stereotyping, and so on.
Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome
Disorders associated with chronic abuse of alcohol. Caused by a thiamine (vitamin b1) deficiency resulting from the chronic consumption of alcohol.
Premature advice
Doing this before thorough exploration of the problem may cause resistance because a client is not ready to solve the problem.
Using logical arguments, lecturing, or arguing
Doing this to convince a client to take another viewpoint may result in a power struggle. A better way of helping a client is to assist him/her in exploring options in order to make an informed decision.
Self-censorship
Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed
Social Development Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion
During adolescence. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. During this period, they explore possibilities and form a sense of who they are. If this is hindered, they may be confused about themselves and their roe in the world.
Emotional Development Theory: Play
During childhood, there's a lot happening during playtime. Children are lifting, dropping, looking, pouring, bouncing, hiding, building, knocking down, and more. They're busy learning when they are playing. Play is the true work of childhood. During play, they also learn that they are liked and fun to be around. These experiences give them the self-confidence they need to build loving and supportive relationships all their lives.
Psychodynamic personality theory
Emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality
Compensation
Enables one to make up for real or fancied deficiencies. Ex: a person who stutters becomes a very expressive writer; a short man assumes a cocky, overbearing manner
Throughput
Energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals
Role Theories
Examine how these roles influence a wide array of psychological outcomes, including behavior, attitudes, cognitions, and social interaction
Illusion of invulnerability
Excessive optimism is created that encourages taking extreme risks
Oral Stage: Result of fixation
Excessive smoking, overeating, or dependence on others
John Bowlby
Father of attachment theory. Suggested that children come into the world biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive. They initially form only one primary attachment (monotropy) and this attachment figure acts as a secure base for exploring the world. Disrupting this attachment process can have severe consequences because the critical period for developing attachment is within the first 5 years of life
Where else is feminist theory used?
Fields of social work, sociology, economics, education, and others.
Normal Autism (0-1 month)
First few weeks of life. The infant is detached and self-absorbed. Spends most of his/her time sleeping, Mahler later abandoned this phase, based on new findings from her infant research.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Freud believed that at each stage of development, children gain sexual gratification or sensual pleasure from a particular part of their bodies. Each stage has special conflicts, and children's ways of managing these conflicts influence their personalities.
Social needs
Friendship, intimacy, affection, and love are needed—from one's work group, family friends, or romantic relationships
Quality time definition
Fun, relaxed, and conflict-free interactions
Non-Substance-Related Disorders
Gambling Disorder is the sole condition in a new category on behavioral addictions -similar to substance-related disorders in clinical expression, brain origin, comorbidity, physiology and treatment
Purpose of a biopsychosocial assessment
Gather information on functional capacity or everyday competence. Assessments may also include diagnostic medical and physical evaluations
Theories of Human Development
General explanations that are supported by evidence obtained through the scientific method. It may explain human behavior by describing how humans interact with each other or react to certain stimuli.
Biological personality theory
Genetics are responsible for personality. Research on heritability suggests that there's a link between genetics and traits.
Phallic Stage: Sources of pleasure
Genitals
Three Domains of Development: Affective
Growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
Phallic Stage: Result of fixation
Guilt or anxiety about sex
The impact of positive family dynamics
Having a close-knit and supportive family provides emotional support, ensures economic well-being, and increase overall health
3. Cultural, racial, and ethnic identity achievement
Ideally, people at this stage have a clear sense of their cultural, racial, and ethnic identity and are able to successfully navigate it in the contemporary world, which is undoubtedly very interconnected and intercultural. The acceptance of cultural, racial, and ethnic identity may play a significant role in important life decisions and choices, influencing attitudes and behavior. This usually leads to an increase in self-confidence and positive psychological development.
The impact of negative family dynamics
If it's characterized by stress and conflict, well-being can be poor.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Implies that clients are motivated to meet certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, a client seeks to fulfill the next one, and so on. This hierarchy is often depicted as a pyramid. This 5 stage model can be divided basic or deficiency needs and growth needs
2. Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship
In a crisis, a social worker must do this quickly, generally as part of assessment.
Genograms are useful in human genetics work
In order to identify the patterns of disease in a family
Out of home placement often occurs after
In-home interventions have been tried and failed
Role conflict
Incompatible or conflicting expectations
Self-esteem in adulthood
Increases gradually, peaking in 60s. This increase is tied to assuming positions of power and status that might promote feelings of self-worth. This time period also brings an increasingly level of maturity and adjustment, as well as emotional stability.
Positive reinforcement
Increases probability that behavior will occur—praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior.
interdependence in family systems
Individual family members and the subsystems comprised by the family system are mutually influenced by and are mutually dependent upon one another. What happens to one family member, or what one family member does, influences other family members.
Stage 1: Romance
Individuals are introduced and learn that they have common interests and are attracted to one another. This consists of conversations and dates to learn more about each other. Focus of this stage: Attachment Filled with passion, nurturing, and selfless attention to the needs of others. differences are minimized and partners place few demands on each other.
Groups help through
Instillation of hope, universality, altruism, interpersonal learning, self-understanding & insight
Marijuana and alcohol
Interfere with motor control and are factors for many automobile accidents
Respondent class of behavior
Involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by a certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response.
Communication theory
Involves the ways in which information is transmitted; the effects of information on human systems; how people receive information from their own feelings, thoughts, memories, physical sensations, and environment; how they evaluate this information; and how they subsequently act in response to the information. If people do not communicate clearly, mutual understanding, acceptance, or rejection of the communication will not occur, and relationship problems can arise.
A system
Is a whole comprising component parts that work together
A role
Is defined as the collection of expectations that accompany a particular social position. Clients have multiple roles in their lives; in different contexts or with different people, such as being students, friends, employees, spouses, or parents. Each of these roles carries its own expectations about appropriate behavior, speech, attire, and so on. What might be rewarded in one role would be unacceptable for another (e.g., competitive behavior is rewarded for an athlete but not a preschool teacher). Roles range from specific, in that they only apply to a certain setting, to diffuse, in that they apply across a range of situations. For example, gender roles influence behavior across many dif- ferent contexts.
Behavioral Development
Suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account. These theories represent the systematic application of principles of learning to the analysis and treatment of behaviors. Behaviors determine feelings. Thus, changing behaviors will also change or eliminate undesired feelings. Goal: modify behavior.
Differentiation
Seeing oneself as distinct within a relationship. It must be managed so that these new feelings do not result in breakups as the illusion of "being one" fades. Critical effort must be made to balance the desire for self-discovery with the desire for intimacy. To survive the stage, individuals must acknowledge differences, learn to share power, forfeit fantasies of complete harmony, and accept partners without the need to change them.
Best known applications of behavior modifications
Sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors (overeating, smoking), and training of persons with intellectual disabilities and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Latency Stage: Sources of pleasure
Sexuality is latent, or dormant, during this period
The impact of the environment (social, physical, cultural, political, economic) on individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities
Social workers must be knowledgeable about human behavior across the life course, the range of social systems in which people live, and the ways social systems promote or deter people in maintaining or achieving health and wellbeing. Social workers should apply theories and knowledge to understand biological, social, cultural, psychological, and spiritual development.
Providing structure and direction
Social workers must provide this to the therapeutic process on a moment-to-moment basis in order to maximize the helping process. Passive or inactive social workers may miss fruitful moments that could be used for client benefit. Clients may lose confidence in social workers who are not actively involved in the helping process.
Delirium tremens (DT)
Symptom associated with alcohol withdrawal that includes hallucinations, rapid respiration, temperature abnormalities, and body tremors
Profession jargon use
Talking to a client in this way and defining a client in terms of his/her diagnosis may result in a client viewing himself/herself in the same way, as "sick".
Freud thought that a male child who sees a naked girl for the first time believes
That her penis has been cut off
Latent content
That which is not visible, the underlying meaning of words or terms
Overcompensation
Some people suffer from an exaggerated sense of inferiority. These people tend to overcompensate, which means that rather
Stage 2: Power Struggle
Soon individuals who are engaged in intimate relationships see that they have differences from their mates. These unique qualities result in unique needs that require an ongoing process of defining oneself and managing conflict, which threatens intimacy. As the coupled individuals begin to notice differences and annoyances that were once overlooked, there can be greater separation and loss of romance resulting from self-expression. This stage differs as individuals focus on differences rather than similarities. Time away from each other is often needed for the partners, and the bliss associated initially dissolves
Family of origin experiences
Stage 1 of The Family Life Cycle
Leaving home
Stage 2 of The Family Life Cycle
Premarriage stage
Stage 3 of The Family Life Cycle
Childless couple stage
Stage 4 of The Family Life Cycle
Family with young children
Stage 5 of The Family Life Cycle
Family with adolescents
Stage 6 of The Family Life Cycle
Launching children
Stage 7 of The Family Life Cycle
Later family life
Stage 8 of The Family Life Cycle
Homeostasis
Steady state
Aging
The accumulation of diverse deleterious changes occurring in cells and tissues with advancing age that are responsible for an increased risk of disease and death.
Adler's Compensation
The attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority.
Life expectancy
The average total number of years that a human expects to live. The lengthening of it is mainly due to the elimination of most infectious diseases occurring in youth, better hygiene, and the adoption of antibiotics and vaccines
Reality principle
The awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world.
Family systems theory searches for
The causes of behavior, not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among the members of a group. Basic rationale is that all parts of the family are interrelated. The family has properties of its own that can be known only by looking at the relationships and interactions among all members.
Castration anxiety
The child fears that his own father will do the same to him for desiring his mother. Because of this fear, the child represses his longing for his mother and begins to identify with his father.
Normal Symbiotic (1-5 months)
The child is now aware of his/her mother, but there is not a sense of individuality. The infant and the mother are one, and there is a barrier between them and the rest of the world.
Context
The circumstances surrounding human exchanges of information.
Ego
The component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world. Some parts of this are unconscious, whereas other parts are preconscious or conscious. It operates according to the reality principle. The role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways.
Manifest content
The concrete words or terms contained in a communication
Metacommunication
The context within which to interpret the content of the message, for example: nonverbal communication, body language, vocalizations.
The impact of physical and and mental illness on family dynamics
The day-to-day assistance may lead to exhaustion and fatigue, taxing the physical and emotional energy of family members. There can be an emotional strain, including worry, guilt, anxiety, anger, and uncertainty about the cause or prognosis of the disability, about the future, about the needs of other family members, and about whether the individual is getting enough assistance.
Adolescent Development
The development of children ages 13 through 18 years old is a critical time as children develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies, including rights and privileges, and move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose.
Genital Stage: Sources of pleasure
The genitals; sexual urges return
Impact of mental illness on the family
It affects all aspects of family functioning, including physical, financial, and emotional well-being. These impacts often depend on the relationship of family members to the client. For those closest, there can be considerable time spent addressing some of the practical impacts of mental illness, such as financial problems and disruptions to daily life. This time commitment can result in family members giving up things they care about or missing appointments needed for their own health or well-being.
Trauma in childhood
It can have a severe and long-lasting effect. Children who have been traumatized see the world as a frightening and dangerous place. When the trauma is unresolved, this fundamental sense of fear and helplessness carries over into adulthood, setting the stage for further trauma.
Family dynamics and perception
It can often have a strong influence on the way individuals see themselves, others, and the world, and influence their relationships, their behaviors, and their well-being
Substance use or dependence impacts mental health
It causes irrational behavior, violence, and lapses
Person-in-environment (PIE) theory
It highlights the importance of understanding individual behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which a client lives and acts. This perspective has historical roots in the social work profession. It is client-centered, rather than agency-centered.
Group work
It is a method of social work that helps individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences,a as well as to cope more effectively with their personal group, or community problems. In this kind of work, individuals help each other in order to influence and change personal, group, organizational, and community problems
Practicing as defined by Margaret Mahler
It is a sub phase of separation-individuation in infant development. It occurs when toddlers begin to explore on their own but still see themselves as part of their mothers/caregivers. In terms of couples development, stability stage mirrors this as partners learn to live independent lives while still identifying as and seeing the value of being a part of an intimate relationship
Excessive social interactions
It is counterproductive to permit this rather than therapeutic interactions. In order for a client to benefit from the helping relationship, he/she has to self-disclose about problematic issues.
Freud's belief of behavior and personality
It is derived from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness.
Silence from a therapist
It is effective when faced with a client who is experiencing a high degree of emotion, because it indicates acceptance of these feelings.
Social (Addiction Theory) Model
It is learned and reinforced from others who serve as role models. A potential substance abuser shares the same values and activities as those who use substances. There are no controls that prevent use. Social, economic, and political factors, such as racism, poverty, sexism, and so on, contribute to the cause
Is community development a long-term or a short-term commitment?
It is long-term. It's not a quick fix to address a community's problems, nor is it a time-limited process. It aims to address imbalances in power and bring about change founded on social justice, equality, and mutual respect.
Effective communication skills
It is one of the most crucial components of a social worker's job. Every day, social workers communicate with clients to gain information, convey critical information, and make important decisions. Without this, a social worker may not be able to obtain or convey that info, thereby causing detrimental effects on clients.
Physical illness and/or disability & impact on family dynamics
It places a set of extra demands on the family system. It can consume a lot of the family's resources of time, energy, and money, so that other individual or family needs may go unmet.
PIE classification system
It was developed as an alternative to the commonly used disease and moral models (Ex: DSM, ICD, civil or penal codes) to implement social work philosophy and area of expertise. It is field-tested and examines social role functioning, the environment, mental health, and physical health.
Social Development Theory: Macro Level
It's about a commitment that development processes need to benefit people, particularly, but not only, the poor. It also recognizes the way that people interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitate this interaction
Social Development Theory: Micro Level
It's about learning how to behave and interact well with others. It relies on emotional development or learning how to manage feelings so they are productive and not counterproductive
Medical (Addiction Theory) Model
It's considered a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal disease. -Genetic causes: Inherited vulnerability -Brain reward mechanisms: Substances act on parts of the brain that reinforce continued use by producing pleasurable feelings -altered brain chem: habitual use alters brain chemistry and continued use is required to avoid feeling discomfort from a brain imbalance
A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when
Its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Evaluation (6th Level)
Judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation
Repression
Key mechanism; expressed clinically by amnesia or symptomatic forgetting serving to banish unacceptable ideas, fantasies, affects, or impulses from consciousness
Role ambiguity
Lack of clarity of role
1. Unexamined cultural, racial, and ethnic identity
Lack of exploration of culture, race, and ethnicity, and cultural, racial, and ethnic differences—they are rather taken for granted without much critical thinking. This is usually the stage reserved for childhood when cultural, racial, and ethnic ideas provided by parents, the community, or the media are easily accepted. Children at this stage tend not to be interested in culture, race, or ethnicity and are generally ready to take on the opinions of others.
Inhibition
Loss of motivation to engage in (usually pleasurable) activity avoided because it might stir up conflict over forbidden impulses Ex: writing, learning, or work blocks or social shyness
The Effects of Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Disabilities Throughout the Lifespan
The impacts are extremely varied depending upon the manifestations of the disability and when it occurs during the life course. Some are short-term, whereas others are lifelong. Critical to mitigating the negative impacts is the development of coping skills that strengthen a client's ability to deal with his/her limitations. Support (formal and informal) are also critical.
Three Domains of Development: Psychomotor
Manual or physical skills
Gist of Spiritual Development Theory
Many models attempt to explain the impact of spirituality and/or religious beliefs on behavior. Many of them describe this impact along a continuum as follows, with some individuals changing during their life course and others remaining at the same point.
Scientific skepticism and questioning are critical, because an individual does not accept things on faith, but only if convinced logically.
Many people working in a scientific and technical field may question spiritual or supernatural forces because they are difficult to measure or prove scientifically. Those who do not engage in this skepticism move away from the simple, official doctrines.
Prioritizing problems and issues with a client
Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be applied to the order. A client with an acute medical problem should focus on getting a medical evaluation first; a victim of domestic vio- lence should prioritize medical and safety issues; and a refugee must initially meet basic survival needs (shelter, food, income, clothing, etc.) before working on fulfilling higher level needs.
Learning Theory Development: Humanistic
Maslow. Learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his/her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.
The goal of the group
May be a major or minor change in personality structure or changing a specific emotional or behavioral problem
Users of hallucinogenic drugs
May experience flashbacks, which are unwanted recurrences of the drug's effects weeks or months after use
Little ego strength
May feel torn between these competing demands
Silence from a client
May indicate a reluctance to discuss a subject. A social worker should probe further for an unusually long period of time.
Social worker's role in helping adult children with their aging parents
May need to act as consultant, advocate, case manager, catalyst, broker, mediator, facilitator, instructor, mobilizer, and/or clinician.
Antabuse
Medication that produces highly unpleasant side effects like flushing, nausea, vomiting, hypertension, and anxiety, if a client drinks alcohol. It's a form of aversion therapy.
Direct pressure on dissenters
Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group's views
Belief in inherent morality
Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions
Self-appointed "mindguards"
Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group's cohesiveness, views, and/or decisions
Three Domains of Development: Cognitive
Mental skills (knowledge)
Modeling
Method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client
Shaping
Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
Social Development Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle adulthood. Individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. They give back to society by raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. Not doing this makes individuals feel unproductive.
Helping Adult Children with their Aging Parents
Might want help in areas such as communications (like understanding requests for assistance/resistance of their parents), self-care (developing coping skills and attending to their own needs) and/or resource identification (finding services to assist in meeting child/parent needs)
Stereotyped views of those "on the out"
Negative views of the "enemy" make conflict seem unnecessary
Genital Stage: Result of fixation
No fixations at this final stage
Latency Stage: Result of fixation
No fixations at this penultimate stage
Does everyone pass through the stages of the family life cycle smoothly?
No.
Cognitive Development Theory: Controversy with "Nature and Nurture"
Now recognized as a false dichotomy: there's overwhelming evidence from biological and behavioral sciences that, from the earliest points in development, gene activity interacts with events and experiences in the environment.
Focus of Behavioral Development
Observable behavior—a target symptom, a problematic behavior, or an environmental condition.
Input
Obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system
Community development definition
Occupation, a movement, an approach, and a set of values. Neighborhood work aimed at improving the quality of community life through the participation of broad spectrum of people at the local level. It's ultimately about getting community members working together in collective action to tackle problems that many individuals may be experiencing or to help in achieving a shared dream that many individuals will benefit from.
boundaries in families
Occur at every level of the system and between subsystems. Influence the movement of people and the flow of information into and out of the system. Some families have very open ones where members and others are allowed to freely come and go without much restriction. In other families, it's tight; the rules strictly regulate what information may be discussed and with whom.
Group polarization
Occurs when group decision making when discussion strengthens a dominant POV and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own. These more extreme decisions are toward greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and toward greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be cautious.
Ethnicity
One is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place of origin. Two people can share the same race but have different ethnicities.
Family dynamics & social support
One of the main ways that family positively impacts well-being
With the family life cycle, mastering the skills and milestones of each stage allows for
Successful movement from one stage of development to the next
Family life cycle theory suggests that
Successful transitioning may also help to prevent disease and emotional or stress-related disoders
family dynamics & social relationships
Such as those found in close families, having been demonstrated to decrease the likelihood of negative outcomes, such as chronic disease, disability, mental illness, and death
Psychoanalytic theory
Originally developed by Sigmund Freud. The client is seen as the product of his past and treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious. According to this, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses.
Attachment theory
Originated through the work of John Bowlby. Defined it as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings that can be understood within an evolutionary context in which a caregiver provides safety and security for a child.
In vivo desensitization
Pairing and movement through anxiety hierarchy from least to most anxiety provoking situation; takes place in "real" setting.
Family Addiction Theory
Parents, siblings, and/or spouse use substances; family dysfunction, for example: inconsistent discipline, poor parenting skills, lack of positive family rituals and routines; family trauma, for example: death and divorce
Regression
Partial or symbolic return to more infantile patterns of reacting or thinking. Can be in service to ego Ex: as dependency during illness
Positive feedback loop
Patterns of interaction that facilitate change or movement toward either growth or dissolution.
Learning Theory Development: Behaviorist
Pavlov/Skinner. Learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.
Social Addiction Theory
Peers use drugs and alcohol; social or cultural norms condone use of substances; expectations about positive effects of drugs and alcohol; drugs and alcohol are available and accessible
Esteem needs
People need a stable, firmly based level of self-respect and respect from others
Reaction Formation
Person adopts affects, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors hat are opposites of those he/she harbors consciously or unconsciously Ex: Excessive moral zeal masking strong, but repressed asocial impulses or being excessively sweet to mask unconscious anger.
Behavioral Addiction Theory
Use of other substances; aggressive behavior in childhood; impulsivity and risk-taking; rebelliousness; school-based academic or behavioral problems; poor interpersonal relationships
12-step groups
Utilized throughout all phases of treatment.
Intimacy
Utilizing self in service of the group, known as norming
People do not exist in a:
Vacuum. They live, they play, they go to school, and they work with other people. They're social creatures.
Operant class of behavior
Voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment.
Heroin withdrawal can cause
Vomiting, muscle cramps, convulsions, and delirium.
The main thing that gets in the way of acceptance is
Wanting to be in control
Social Development Theory: Erik Erikson
Was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. Saw personality as developing throughout the life course and looked at identity crises as the focal point for each stage of human development
Groupthink
When a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures. These groups ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups.
Intellectualisation
Where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. Emotional aspects are completely ignored as being irrelevant. Jargon is often used as a device of this. By using complex terminology, the focus is placed on the words rather than the emotions.
Stage 4: Commitment
While this stage is when marriage is ideal, it often occurs earlier in the romance stage, perhaps explaining the high rates of divorce caused by the inability to resolve power struggles. Individuals who have stabilized are able to embrace the reality that both partners are human, resulting in shortcomings in all relationships. Partners acknowledge that they want to be with each other and that the good outweighs the bad. Although much work has been done in building relationships, there is still more needed to effectively function in the next and last stage of couple hood.
Sudden abstinence from certain drugs results in:
Withdrawal symptoms
Extinction
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease.
Trait definition
a stable personality characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways.
Open system
a system with cross-boundary exchange
Psychodrama
a treatment approach which roles are enacted in a group context. Members of the group re-create their problems and devote themselves to the role dilemmas of each member.
Gerontology
study of the aging process
Family life education
aims to strengthen individual and family life through a family perspective social workers must be aware of their own cultural values and norms with regards to material covered and not impose those beliefs on others/be judgmental much is delivered through parenting classes, premarriage education, marriage and enrichment programs, and/or family financial planning courses -->they focus on improving a client's quality of life individually and within their family unit
The individual starts enjoying the mystery and beauty of nature and existence.
The individual develops a deeper understanding of good and evil, forgiveness and mercy, compassion and love. Religiousness and spirituality differ significantly from other points in the continuum and things are not accepted on blind faith or out of fear. The individual does not judge people harshly or seek to inflict punishment on them for their transgressions. This is the stage of loving others as one loves oneself, losing attachment to ego, and forgiving enemies.
Rapproachment (15-24 months)
The infant once again becomes close to the mother. The child realizes that his/her physical mobility demonstrates psychic separateness from his/her mother. The toddler may become tentative, wanting the mother to be in sight so that, through eye contact and action, he/her can explore his/her world. The risk is that the mother will misread and respond with impatience or unavailability. This can lead to an anxious fear of abandonment in the toddler.
Illusion of unanimity
The majority view and judgements are assumed to be unanimous
Race
The meaning is not fixed; it is related to a particular social, historical, and geographic context. The way races are classified has changed in the public mind over time; for example, at some point racial classifications were based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups. Today, society classifies people into different races primarily based on skin color.
Superego
The moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society. It forces the ego to conform not only to reality, but also to its ideals of morality. Hence, making clients feel guilty when they go against society's rules.
The Impact of Aging Parents on Adult Children: Services Needed
There is an increasing need to provide services and support to these children as they become caregivers. In these new roles, they need direct assistance with maintaining adequate nutrition, decent housing, economic stability, and access to appropriate medical care for both them and their parents.
Emotional Development Theory
These milestones are often harder to pinpoint than signs of physical development. This area emphasizes many skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation. Social skills and this are reflected in ability to pay attention, make transitions from one activity to another, and cooperate with others.
Physiological needs
These needs maintain the physical organism. These are biological needs such as food, water, oxygen, and constant body temperature. If a person is deprived of these needs, he/she will die
Permissive Parenting
These parents have very few demands on their children. They rarely discipline their kids and are generally nurturing and communicative with their kids, often taking on the status of a friend more than of a parent. this results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation, experiencing problems with authority and tending to perform poorly in school
Authoritative Parenting
They establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. This parenting style is much more democratic. These parents are responsive to their children and are willing to listen to questions. When kids fail to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. This tends to result in those who are happy, capable, and successful.
Self-esteem in childhood
They have relatively high self-esteem, which gradually declines over childhood. This high self-image may be because of children's self views are unrealistically positive. As children develop cognitively, they begin to base their self-evaluations on external feedback and social comparisons, and thus form a more balanced and accurate appraisal of their academic competence, social skills, attractiveness, and other personal characteristics
Self-medication (Addiction Theory) Model
They relieve symptoms of a psychiatric disorder and continued use is reinforced by a relief of symptoms
Gender differences in self-esteem development across lifespan
They report similar levels during childhood, but a gender gap emerges by adolescence. Boys having a higher self-esteem than girls. This gender gap persists throughout adulthood, and then narrows and perhaps disappears in old age.
The financial burden: an impact of physical and mental illness on family dynamics
This can be associated with getting health, education, and social services; buying or renting equipment and devices; making accommodations to the home; transportation; and acquiring medications and/or special food. The person or family may be eligible for payments or reimbursement from an insurance company and/or a publicly funded program such as Medicaid or Supplemental Security Income. However, knowing about services and programs and then working to become eligible is another major challenge faced by families. Working through eligibility issues and coordinating among different providers is a challenge faced by families for which they may want a social worker to assist.
Drug use and codependency
This can occur when a partner/spouse or members of the family, out of love or fear of consequences, inadvertently enable a client to continue using by covering up, supplying money, or denying that there is a problem.
Substance Use Disorder
This combines the DSM-IV categories of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. Each specific substance (other than caffeine, which cannot be diagnosed as a substance use disorder) is addressed as a separate use disorder (Alcohol Use Disorder, Stimulant Use Disorder, etc.). Mild Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5 requires two to three symp- toms from a list of 11. Drug craving is added to the list, and problems with law enforcement is eliminated because of cultural considerations that make the criteria difficult to apply.
Tolerance
This develops when there is a continued use of the substances that are physically addictive. This means that the person is constantly increasing amounts of the drug needed to duplicate the initial effect.
Ill-timed or frequent interruptions
This disrupts the interview process and can annoy clients. They should be purposive, well-timed, and done in such a way that they do not disrupt the flow of communication.
Cognitive Development Theory
This focuses on development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development. It is the emergence of the ability to think and understand.
Using "shoulds" and "oughts"
This inhibits effective communication. This can be perceived as moralizing or sermonizing by a client and elicit feelings of resentment, guilt, or obligation. In reaction to feeling judged, a client may oppose a social worker's pressure to change.
Judging, criticizing, and blaming
This is detrimental to a client, as well as to the therapeutic relationship. A client could respond by becoming defensive or worse yet, internalizing the negative reflections about himself/herself.
If social workers have an understanding of family dynamics on a client's self-perception
This may help pinpoint and respond to the driving forces behind a client's needs
6. Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan
This stage represents a shift from a crisis to a resolution. A client and a worker will begin to take the steps negotiated in the previous stage. This is also where a client will begin to make meaning of the crisis event.
Conflict theory says that inequality exists because
Those in control of a disproportionate share of society's resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are bound by coercion by those in power.
Negative feedback loop
Those patterns of interaction that maintain stability and constancy while minimizing change. Helps to maintain homeostasis
Seeing parents grow old forces adult children
To confront feelings about their own mortality. Feelings can include denial, hostility, resentment, hatred of their parents or themselves, helplessness, fear, anger, and sadness. They may have any or all of these emotions at one time and the emotions may vary in range and intensity.
Ego's job
To determine the best course of action based on information from the id, reality, and the superego.
Aim of Individual Psych Therapy
To develop a more adaptive lifestyle by overcoming feelings of inferiority and self-centeredness and to contribute more toward the welfare of others.
Defense mechanisms
To manage internal conflicts. these are behaviors that protect people from anxiety. They are automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activities to exclude unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, and impulses from awareness for fear of disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes. They're sometimes confused with coping strategies, which are voluntary.
Insecure attachment systems have been linked
To psychiatric disorders and can result in clients reacting in a hostile and rejecting manner as children or adults.
SWP with older adults and biopsychosocial assessments
To see the ability of them to care for themselves, manage their affairs, and live independent, quality lives in their communities.
Example of aversion therapy
Treating alcoholism with Antabuse
Isolation of Affect
Unacceptable impulse, idea, or act is separated from its original memory source, thereby removing the original emotional charge associated with it.
Substitution
Unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one more attainable or acceptable.
Process of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus—> unconditioned response. Unconditioned stimulus + conditioned stimulus—> unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus—> Conditioned response
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Comprehension (2nd Level)
Understanding what the facts mean
Identification
Universal mechanism whereby a person patterns himself/herself after a significant other. Plays a major role in personality development, especially superego development
Separation/Termination
independence (known as adjourning)
Identification With The Aggressor
mastering anxiety by identifying with a powerful aggressor to counteract feelings of helplessness and to feel powerful oneself.. Usually involves behaving like the aggressor Ex; abusing others after one has been abused oneself
Role reversal
when two or more individuals switch roles
Factors affecting group cohesion include
- group size, -homogeneity: similarity of group members -participation in goal and norm setting for group -interdependence: dependent on one another for achievement of common goals -member stability: frequent change in membership results in less cohesiveness
Family systems approach's basic assumptions
-Each family is more than a sum of its members -Each family is unique, due to the infinite variations in personal characteristics and cultural and ideological styles -A healthy family has flexibility, consistent structure, and effective exchange of information -the family is an interactional system whose component parts have constantly shifting boundaries and varying degrees of resistance to change -Families must fulfill a variety of functions for each member, both collectively and individually, if each member is to grow and develop -families strive for a sense of balance or homeostasis -feedback loops -families are seen as goal oriented. The concept of equifinality refers to the ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes. -the concepts of hierarchies describe how families organize themselves into various smaller units or subsystems that are comprised by the larger family system. When members or tasks associated with each subsystem become blurred with those of other subsystems, families have been viewed as having difficulties. Ex: when a child becomes involved in marital issues, difficulties often emerge that require intervention. -boundaries -interdependence
Possible effects of a negative body image
-Emotional distress -Low self-esteem -Unhealthy dieting habits -Anxiety -Depression -Eating disorders -Social withdrawal or isolation
Examples of age-specific care for adults 80yo+
-Encourage independence: provide physical, mental, and social activities -Support end of life decisions: provide info, resources, and so on -Assist the person in self care: promote medication safety; provide safety grips, ramps, and so on
Examples of age-specific care for older adults
-Encourage the person to talk about feelings of loss, grief, and achievements -Provide info, materials, to make medication use and home safe -Provide support for coping with any impairments (avoid making assumptions about loss of abilities) -Encourage social activity with peers, as a volunteer, and so on
Some types of groups include:
-Groups centered on a shared problem -Counseling groups -Activity groups -Action groups -Self-help groups -Natural groups -Closed vs. Open groups -Structured groups -Crisis groups -Reference groups (similar values)
Examples of age-specific care for young children
-Involve parents and child in care: let child make some food choices -Use toys and games to teach child and reduce fear -Encourage child to ask questions, play with others, and talk about feelings -Help parents teach child safety rules
Older Adults (Age 65-79): Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: ages gradually; natural decline in some physical abilities, senses -Mental: continues to be an active learner, thinker; memory skills may start to decline -Social-Emotional: takes on new roles (grandparent, widow/er, etc.); balances independence, dependence; reviews life
Middle Age Adults (Age 36-64): Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: begins to age; experiences menopause (women); may develop chronic health problems -Mental: uses life experiences to learn, create, and solve problems -Social-Emotional: hopes to contribute to future generations; stays productive, avoids feeling "stuck" in life; balances dreams with reality; plans retirement; may care for children and parents
Elders (Age 80+): Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: continues to decline in physical abilities; at increasing risk for chronic illness, major health problems -Mental: continues to learn; memory skills and/or speed of learning may decline; confusion often signals illnesses or medication issues -Social-Emotional: accepts end of life and personal losses, lives as independently as possible
Older Children (Age 7-12): Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: grows slowly until a "spurt" at puberty -Mental: understands cause and effect, can read, write, do math; active, eager learner -Social-emotional: develops greater sense of self; focuses on school activities, negotiates for greater independence
Adolescent Development: Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: growths in spurts; matures physically; able to reproduce -Mental: becomes an abstract thinker (goes beyond simple solutions, can consider many options, etc); chooses own values -Social-Emotional: develops own identity; builds close relationships; tries to balance peer group with family interests; concerned about appearances, challenges authority
Young Adults (Age 18-35): Healthy Growth and Development
-Physical: reaches physical and sexual maturity, nutritional needs are for maintenance, not growth -Mental: acquires new skills, information; uses these to solve problems -Social-Emotional: seeks closeness with others; sets career goals, chooses lifestyle, community; starts own family
Individual self-actualisation occurs in a group through:
-Release of feelings that block social performance -Support from others (not being alone) -Orientation to reality and check out own reality with others -Reappraisal of self
Examples of age-specific care for young adults
-Support the person in making health care decisions -Encourage healthy and safe habits at work and home -Recognize commitments to family, career, community (time, money, etc.)
The Impact of Aging Parents on Adult Children: Psychosocial Stressors
-Transitioning of roles and expectations -Blurred familial roles, boundaries, and expectations -Feelings of guilt, fatigue, sadness, anxiety, and/or frustration -Feelings compounded if its not appreciated by the aging parent
Examples of age-specific care for adolescents
-Treat more as an adult than child: avoid authoritarian approaches -Show respect: be considerate of how treatment may affect relationships -Guide teen in making positive lifestyle choices (correct misinformation from teen's peers) -Encourage open communication between parents, teen, and peers
Freud's 3 components of personality
1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego
Eight causes of groupthink
1. Illusion of invulnerability 2. Collective rationalization 3. Belief in inherent morality 4. Stereotyped views of those "on the out" 5. Direct pressure on dissenters 6. Self-censorship 7. Illusion of unanimity 8. Self-appointed "mindguards"
Two types of content in communication
1. Manifest 2. Latent
Substance Use Disorder Treatment Approaches
1. Medication-assisted treatment 2. Psychosocial or psychological interventions 3. Behavioral therapies 4. Self-help groups
The Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Latency Stage 5. Genital Stage
Stages of Treatment of Substance Abuse/Use Disorder
1. Stabilization 2. Rehabilitation/habilitation 3. Maintenance
Three-stage model for adolescent cultural and ethnic identity development
1. Unexamined Cultural, Racial and Ethnic Identity 2. Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic identity Search 3. Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Identity Achievement
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Preoperational
2-7y. Progress from concrete to abstract thinking, can comprehend past, present, future, night terrors, acquires words and symbols, magical thinking, thinking isn't generalized, thinking is concrete, irreversible, and egocentric, cannot see another POV, thinking is centered on one detail or event. Imaginary friends often emerge during this stage and may last into elementary school. NOT present of a disorder. It's a normal part of development.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Formal Operations
11 through maturity. Higher level of abstraction, planning for future, thinks hypothetically, assumes adult roles and responsibilities.
Social Development Theory: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
1y-3y. Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, and so on. If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others while lacking self-esteem and lacking confidence in their abilities.
Sexuality in children
3-7. Preschool children are interested in everything about their world, including sexuality. They may practice urinating in different positions. They are highly affectionate and enjoy hugging other children and adults. They begin to be more social and may imitate adult social and sexual behaviors, such as holding hands and kissing. Many young children play "doctor" during this stage, looking at other children's genitals and showing theirs. This is normal curiosity. By age 5 or 6, most children become more modest and private about dressing and bathing. Children of this age are aware of marriage and understand living together, based on their family experience. They may role play about being married or having a partner while they "play house". Most young children talk about marrying and/or living with a person they love when they get older. Most sex play at this happens because of curiosity.
Social Development Theory: Initiative vs. Guilt
3y-6y. Children assert themselves more frequently. They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through criticism or control, they may feel like nuisances to others and will remain followers, lacking self-initiative.
Social Development Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority
6y to puberty. Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved. If they are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If it's not encouraged but instead restricted, children doubt their abilities and fail to reach their potential.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Concrete Operations
7-11y. Beginnings of abstract thought, plays games with rules, cause and effect relationship understood, logical implications are understood, thinking is independent of experience, thinking is reversible, rules of logic are developed.
Sexuality in preadolescent youth
8-12. Puberty, the time when the body matures. Girls begin to grow breast buds and pubic hair as early as 9 or 10. Boys' development of the penis and testicles usually begins between 10 and 11. Children become more self-conscious about their bodies at this age and often feel uncomfortable undressing in front of others, even a same-sex parent. Masturbation increases during these years. Preadolescent boys and girls do not usually have much sexual experience, but they often have many questions. They usually have heard about sexual intercourse, homosexuality, rape, and incest, and they want to know more about all these things. The idea of actually having sexual intercourse, however, is unpleasant to most preadolescent boys and girls. Same-gender sexual behavior can occur at this age. Boys and girls tend to play with friends of the same gender and are likely to explore sexuality with them. Same-gender sexual behavior is unrelated to a child's sexual orientation. Some group dating occurs at this age. Preadolescents may attend parties that have guests of both genders and they may dance and play kissing games. By age 12 or 13, some young adolescents pair off and begin dating and/or "making out". Young women are usually older when they begin voluntary sexual intercourse. However, many very young teens do practice sexual behaviors other than vaginal intercourse, such as petting to orgasm and oral sex.
Encounter
A client has an encounter that provokes thought about the role of cultural, racial, and ethnic identification in his/her life. This may be a negative or positive experience related to culture, race, and ethnicity. For minorities, this experience is often a negative one in which they experience discrimination for the first time.
The process for basic human needs —> self-actualisation
A client must satisfy lower-level basic needs before moving on to meet higher-level growth needs. After meeting lower levels of needs, a client can reach the highest level of self-actualization, but few people do so. Every client is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by fail- ure to meet lower level needs. Life experiences, including divorce and loss of job, may cause a client to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy.
Token economy
A client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors. Functions as currency within the environment and can be exchanged for desired goods, services, or privileges.
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self-statements
Subsystem
A major component of a system made up of two or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purposes and the purposes of the system in which they are embedded
Symbolisation
A mental representation stands for some other thing, class of things, or attribute. This mechanism underlies dream formation and some other symptoms, such as conversion reactions, obsessions, compulsions, with a link between the latent meaning of the symptom and the symbol; usually unconscious
Methadone
A synthetic narcotic, legally prescribed. A client uses it to detox from opiates or on a daily basis as a substitute for heroin.
Oral Stage: Sources of pleasure
Activities involving the mouth, such as sucking, biting, and chewing
Adult sexuality
Adult sexual behaviors are extremely varied and in most cases, remain part of an adult's life until death. At around age 50, women experience menopause, which affects their sexuality in that their ovaries no longer release eggs and their bodies no longer produce estrogen. They may experience several physical changes. Vaginal walls become thinner and vaginal intercourse may be painful because there is less vaginal lubrication and the entrance to the vagina becomes smaller. Many women use estrogen replacement therapy to relieve physical and emotional side effects of menopause. Use of vaginal lubricants can also make vaginal intercourse easier. Most women are able to have pleasurable sexual intercourse and to experience organism for their entire lives. Adult men also experience some changes in their sexuality, but not at such a predictable time as with menopause in women. Men's testicles slow testosterone production after age 25 or so. Erections may occur more slowly once testosterone production slows. Men also become less able to have another erection after an orgasm and may take up to 24 hours to achieve and sustain another erection. The amount of semen released during ejaculation also decreases, but men are capable of fathering a baby even when they are in their 80s and 90s. Some older men develop an enlarged or cancerous prostate gland. If doctors deem it necessary to remove the prostate gland, a man's ability to have an election or an orgasm is normally unaffected. Although adult men and women go through some sexual changes as they age, they don't lose their desire or their ability for sexual expression. Even among the very old, the need for touch and intimacy remains, although the desire and ability to have sexual intercourse may lessen.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Postconventional Stage 5
Adult. This level is not reached by most adults. Genuine interest in welfare of others; concerned with individual rights and being morally right
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Postconventional Stage 6
Adult. This level is not reached by most adults. Guided by individual principles based on broad, universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality
Immersion-Emersion
After an encounter that forces a client to confront cultural, racial, and ethnic identity, a period of exploration follows. A client may search for information and will also learn through interaction with others from the same cultural, racial, or ethnic groups.
Learning Theory Development: Social/Situational
Bandura. Learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.
Social work practice with older adults
Based on comprehensive assessments aimed at gathering information about the quality of their biopsychosocal functioning. Social workers want to evaluate their capacity to function effectively in their environments and determine what resources are needed to improve interpersonal functioning.
Strengths based perspective
Based on the assumption that clients have the capacity to grow, change, and adapt (humanistic approach). The clients also have the knowledge that is important in defining and solving their problems (clients/families being experts); they are resilient and survive and thrive despite difficulties.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Conventional Stage 4
Early adolescence. Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social system. Rules are rules. Avoids censure and guilt.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Conventional Stage 3
Early adolescence. Person acts to gain approval from others. "Good boy/good girl" orientation.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Preconventional Stage 2
Elementary school level (before age 9). Child acts acceptably as it is in his/her best interests. Conforms to rules to receive rewards.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Preconventional Stage 1
Elementary school level (before age 9). Child obeys an authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience vs. punishment.
Acting out
Emotional conflict is dealt with through actions rather than feelings. Ex: Instead of talking about feeling neglected, a person will get into trouble to get attention.
Humanist personality theory
Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. these theorists emphasized the concept of self-actualisation, an innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior.
Psychodynamic theory
Explain the origin of the personality. Although many of these exist, they all emphasize unconscious motives and desires, as well as the importance of childhood experiencing shaping personality.
Information processing block
Failure to proceed and evaluate potentially useful new information
Positive effects of physical, mental, and cognitive disabilities throughout the lifespan
Familial bonds may be strong or individuals may develop skills to compensate for other tasks that cannot be performed.
Stabilization Stage
Focus is on establishing abstinence, accepting a substance abuse problem, and committing oneself to making changes
Rehabilitation/Habilitation Stage
Focus is on remaining substance-free by establishing a stable lifestyle, developing coping and living skills, increasing supports, and grieving loss of substance use. Q
Maintenance Stage
Focus is on stabilizing gains made in treatment, relapse prevention, and termination
In group work, a social worker
Focuses on helping each member change his/her environment or behavior through interpersonal experience. Members help each other change or learn social roles in the particular positions held or desired in the social environment. A social worker helps members come to agreement regarding the pur- pose, function, and structure of a group. A group is the major helping agent.
Ego Psychology
Focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego. Based on an assessment of the person as he presents himself to us in the present (here and now) Goal - to maintain and enhance ego's control and management of reality stress and it's effects.
7. Plan follow-up
Follow-up can take many forms as it can involve phone or in-person visits at specific intervals. A postcrisis evaluation may look at a client's current functioning and assess a client's progress.
Self-image
How a client defines himself/herself, which is often tied to physical description, social roles, personal traits, and/or existential beliefs
Social Development Theory
Human beings are inherently social. Developing competencies in this domain enhances a person's mental health, success in work, and ability to achieve in life tasks.
Interplay of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors
Human development is a lifelong process beginning before birth and extend- ing to death. At each moment in life, every human being is in a state of per- sonal evolution. Physical changes largely drive the process, as our cognitive abilities advance and decline in response to the brain's growth in childhood and reduced functioning in old age. Psychosocial-spiritual development is also significantly influenced by physical growth, as changing body and brain, together with environment, shape a client's identity and relationships with other people. Thus, development is the product of the elaborate interplay of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual influences. As children develop physi- cally, gaining greater psychomotor control and increased brain function, they become more sophisticated cognitively—that is, more adept at thinking about and acting upon their environment. These physical and cognitive changes, in turn, allow them to develop psycho socially and spiritually, forming individual identities and relating effectively and appropriately with other people.
Gist of Sexual Development Theory
Humans are sexual beings throughout life.
Psychosocial or psychological interventions (for substance use disorder)
Modify maladaptive feelings, attitudes, and behaviors through individual, group, marital, or family therapy. These therapeutic interventions also examine the roles that are adopted within families in which substance abuse occurs; for Ema pale: the family hero, scapegoat, lost child, or mascot (a family member who alleviates pain by joking around)
Feminism
Political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women.
Trait personality theory
Posit that personality is made up of a number of broad traits.
Conflict theory
Posits that society is fragmented into groups that comte for social and economic resources. Social order is maintained by consensus among those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. This perspective emphasizes social control, not consensus and conformity.
Emotional and psychological trauma
Result of extraordinarily stressful events that destroy a sense of security, making a client feel helpless and vulnerable in a dangerous world
Social Development Theory: Erik Erikson's Theory—Successful Completion
Results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others
The ecological perspective
Rooted in the systems theory which views coping as a transactional process that reflects the "person in environment" relationship. Using this perspective, the focus of intervention is the interface between a client and a client's environment. Also concerned with the issues of power and privilege and how they are withheld from some groups, imposing enormous stress on affected individuals.
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Knowledge (1st Level)
Rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts
Disability rights
Scholars and activists rejected the medical explanation, since such explanations of permanent deficit did not advance social justice, equality of opportunity, and rights as citizens. Rather, these leaders proposed the intolerance and rigidity of social institutions, rather than medical conditions, as the explanation for disability. Words such as "inclusion", "participation," and "non-discrimination" were introduced in the literature and reflected the notions that people who did not fit within the majority were disabled by stigma, prejudice, marginalization, segregation, and exclusion. This notion requires the modification of societal structures to include all, rather than "fixing" individuals with varying abilities.
Pleasure principle
The drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain
The family life cycle
The emotional and intellectual stages you pass through from childhood to your retirement years as a member of a family
Family and Environmental (Addiction Theory) Model
The explanation for use is found in family and environmental factors such as behaviors shaped by family and peers, personality factors, physical and sexual abuse, disorganized communities, and school factosr
2. Cultural, racial, and ethnic identity search
The exploration and questioning of culture, race, and ethnicity in order to learn more about them and to understand the implications of belonging. During this stage, there is questioning of where beliefs come from and why they are held. For some, this stage may arise from a turning point in their lives or from a growing awareness of other cultures, races, and ethnicities. It can also be a very emotional time.
Self-esteem
The extent to which a client accepts or approves of this definition. It always involves a degree of evaluation that may produce positive or negative feelings.
Body image
The way one perceives and relates to his/her body and how one thinks he/she is seen. It is not only influenced by the perception of others, but by the media and cultural forces as well.
Criticism of attachment theories
There are cultural influences that may impact attachment and the ways in which children interact with caregivers.
Biopsychosocial (Addiction Theory) Model
There are wide variety of reasons why people start and continue using. This model provides the most comprehensive explanation for the complex nature of substance abuse. In incorporates hereditary predisposition, emotional and psychological problems, social influences, and environmental problems.
regardless of age, for all those leaving their homes
There is a disruption of emotional bonds with other family members, which is often accompanied by rage, sadness, and/or despair
Self-actualisation needs
There is a need to be oneself, to act consistently with whom one is. It's an ongoing process. It involves developing potential,becoming, and being what one is capable of being. You are free to really do what you want to do. There are moments when everything is right (peak experience); a glimmer of what it is like to be complete. One is in a position to find one's true calling (being an artist, writer, musician). Only 1% of the population consistently operates at this level
Safety needs
There is a need to feel safe from harm, danger, or threat of destruction. Clients need regularity and some predictability.
In terms of the family life cycle, if skills are not learned in one stage, can they be learned in later stages?
Yes.
Social Development Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adulthood. Individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading toward long term commitment with others outside the family. Successful completion ca lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of safety and care within the relationship. Avoiding this can lead to loneliness and sometimes, depression.
Undoing
a person uses words or actions to symbolically reverse or negate unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions Ex: a person compulsively washing hands to deal with obsessive thoughts
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. An inability to progress normally from one stage into another. When the child becomes an adult, this shows up as a tendency to focus on the needs that were overgraitified or overfrustrated.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
antecedents events or stimuli precede behaviors, which, in turn, are followed by consequences.
Four parenting styles
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved
Differentiation
becoming specialized in structure and function
mirroring
behavior validates the child's sense of a perfect self
idealization
child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable
twinship/twinning
child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging
Turning Against Self
defense to deflect hostile aggression or other unacceptable impulses from another to self
Preaffiliation
development of trust (known as forming)
Genograms
diagrams of family relationships beyond a family tree allowing a social worker and client to visualize hereditary patterns and psychological factors. They include annotations about the medical history and major personality traits of each family member. It helps uncover intergenerational patterns of behavior, marriage choices, family alliances, and conflicts, the existence of family secrets, and other information that will shed light on a family's present situation.
Naltrexone
drug used to reduce cravings for alcohol, blocks effects of opiods
Negative entropy
exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation
Nonverbal communications
facial expression, body language, and posture can be potent forms of communication
Uninvolved Parenting
few demands, low responsiveness, little communication. Although these parents fulfill basic needs, they're generally detached from their children's lives. This leads to those who lack self-control, have low self-esteem, and are less competent than their peers.
A healthy family has
flexibility, consistent structure, effective exchange of information
Respondent or Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
learning occurs as a result of paring previously neutral (conditioned) stimuli with unconditioned (involuntary) stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditioned response.
Introjection
loved or hated external objects are symbolically absorbed within self, converse with projection Ex; In severe depression, unconscious unacceptable hatred is turned toward self.
Collective rationalization
members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions
Three self-object needs
mirroring, idealization, twinship/twinning
Double bind
offering two contradictory messages and prohibiting the recipient from noticing the contradiction
Idealization
overestimation of an admired aspect or attribute of another
Family dynamics
patterns of relating or interactions between family members
Information processing
responses to information that are mediated through one's perception and evaluation of knowledge received
Role discomplementarity
role expectations of others differs from one's own
Role complementarity
role is carried out in an expected way (parent, child, social worker-client)
Growth needs
self-actualization These needs fall on the highest level of the pyramid. They come from a place of growth rather than from a place of "lacking"
Power and control
struggles for individual autonomy and group identification (known as storming)
Adult Development
the changes that occur in biological, psychologi- cal, and interpersonal domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of life. These changes may be gradual or rapid, and can reflect positive, negative, or no change from previous levels of functioning
Cultural identity
the identity of a group or culture or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one's belonging to a group or culture. Certain ethnic and racial identities may also bestow privilege.
Rationalization
third line of defense; not unconscious. Giving believable explanation for irrational behavior; motivated by unacceptable unconscious wishes or by defenses used to cope with such wishes
Closed system
uses up its energy and dies
Projective Identification
— a form of projection utilized by persons with Borderline Personality Disorder— unconsciously perceiving others' behavior as a reflection of one's own identity.
