Chapter 1 Mastering HW

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? -Lister -Ehrlich -Semmelweis -Snow -Nightnigale

Lister

Which scientist definitively ended the debate over spontaneous generation? -Lazzaro Spallanzani -John T. Needham -Francesco Redi -Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

make a detailed investigation of data collected concerning a disease

analytical epidemiology

scientist decides to accept, reject, or modify a hypothesis -analytical epidemiology -descriptive epidemiology -experimental epidemiology

analytical epidemiology

Who discovered penicillin? -Ehrlich -Pasteur -Fleming -Kitasato -Domagk

fleming

Dr. John Snow was a physician in London who was interested in understanding cholera. Based on his observations he believed water was somehow involved. In 1854 there was a serious outbreak of cholera in London during which hundreds of people became ill and died. Dr. Snow visited patients and provided what treatment he could. While in the patients' homes he asked questions of the family about their activities prior to the patient becoming ill. Based on the answers he received he concluded one water well in London was the source of the cholera cases. Design and conduct experiments: -not applicable -observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera -Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill -Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

not applicable

design and conduct experiments -analytical epidemiology -descriptive epidemiology -experimental epidemiology

nothing

Dr. John Snow was a physician in London who was interested in understanding cholera. Based on his observations he believed water was somehow involved. In 1854 there was a serious outbreak of cholera in London during which hundreds of people became ill and died. Dr. Snow visited patients and provided what treatment he could. While in the patients' homes he asked questions of the family about their activities prior to the patient becoming ill. Based on the answers he received he concluded one water well in London was the source of the cholera cases. observation leads to formulation of a question: -not applicable -observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera -Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill -Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

observation suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera

Dr. John Snow was a physician in London who was interested in understanding cholera. Based on his observations he believed water was somehow involved. In 1854 there was a serious outbreak of cholera in London during which hundreds of people became ill and died. Dr. Snow visited patients and provided what treatment he could. While in the patients' homes he asked questions of the family about their activities prior to the patient becoming ill. Based on the answers he received he concluded one water well in London was the source of the cholera cases. Formulation of a hypothesis to address a question: -not applicable -observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera -Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill -Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera

microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called -pathogens -prokaryotes -eukaryotes -viruses -fungi

prokaryotes

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? -viruses; acellular parasites -algae; aquatic and marine habitats -protozoa; multicellular -fungi; cell walls -prokaryotes; no nuclei

protozoa; multicellular

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? -syphilis -smallpox -puerperal fever -anthrax -cholera

puerperal fever

Which of the following steps is NOT included in the scientific method? -conduct an experiment -analyze the results of the experiment -repeat experiment until desired result is achieved -generate a hypothesis

repeat experiment until desired result is achieved

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat -syphilis -anthrax -smallpox -cancer -cholera

syphilis

If the results from an experiment contradict the hypothesis, what should be a scientist's next step? -the scientist should reject or modify the hypothesis -publish the results -design another experiment for the same hypothesis -do the experiment again until the results confirm the hypothesis

the scientist should reject or modify the hypothesis

What is spontaneous generation?

the theory that living organisms may arise from nonliving matter

Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells -true -false

true

single-celled organisms known as diatoms have glasslike walls and are a type of algae -true -false

true

The scientific method is a four-step framework for the process of scientific investigation. Scientists have successfully applied the scientific method to address problems and questions for more than a century. The application of the scientific method has helped move science from philosophical debate to an understanding of the world around us based on reproducible facts and phenomena. What is the order of the scientific method? -Formulate a hypothesis to address a question -observation leads to formulation of a question -scientist decides to accept, reject, or modify a hypothesis -design and conduct experiments

-observation leads to formulation of a question -formulate a hypothesis to address a question -design and conduct experiments -scientist decides to accept, reject, or modify a hypothesis

Dr. John Snow was a physician in London who was interested in understanding cholera. Based on his observations he believed water was somehow involved. In 1854 there was a serious outbreak of cholera in London during which hundreds of people became ill and died. Dr. Snow visited patients and provided what treatment he could. While in the patients' homes he asked questions of the family about their activities prior to the patient becoming ill. Based on the answers he received he concluded one water well in London was the source of the cholera cases. Collect and analyze data: -not applicable -observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera -Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill -Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill

Dr. John Snow was a physician in London who was interested in understanding cholera. Based on his observations he believed water was somehow involved. In 1854 there was a serious outbreak of cholera in London during which hundreds of people became ill and died. Dr. Snow visited patients and provided what treatment he could. While in the patients' homes he asked questions of the family about their activities prior to the patient becoming ill. Based on the answers he received he concluded one water well in London was the source of the cholera cases. Scientist decides to accept, reject, or modify a hypothesis: -not applicable -observations suggest to Dr. Snow water is involved in cholera -Dr. Snow collects information about patients' activities prior to becoming ill -Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

Dr. Snow concludes a specific well is the source of the cholera cases

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy? -Ehrlich -Lister -Gram -Pasteur -Koch

Ehrlich

who studied fermentation? -Spallanzani -Pasteur -Gram -Koch

Pasteur

Koch's work involving anthrax was significant because it was the first time _________. - a bacterium had been proven to cause a disease -anthrax had been discovered in humans -bacteria had been grown in a laboratory -bacteria had been seen in a microscope

a bacterium had been proven to cause a disease

What is a hypothesis? -A hypothesis is a variable being tested for within an experimental design. -The hypothesis is the subject of an experiment in which a treatment is withheld. -A hypothesis is a proven explanation for an observed phenomenon. -A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question.

a hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question

which of the following is NOT an example of a fungus? -mushrooms -molds -yeasts -algae

algae

the term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is -bioremediation -ecology -chemotherapy -epidemiology -serology

bioremediation

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? -infection control only -epidemiology only -immunology only -both infection control and epidemiology -infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

both infection control and epidemiology

Put the following steps of Koch's postulates in order: a. The suspected infectious agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. b. The suspected infectious agent causes the disease when it is introduced to a healthy, experimental host. c. The suspected infectious agent must be found in every case of the disease. d. The suspected infectious agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

c, a, b, d

The use of chemical agents to harm or kill microbes is -biotechnology -immunology -serology -epidemiology -chemotherapy

chemotherapy

When conducting an experiment, it is generally necessary to include __________ groups that are treated exactly the same as treatment groups except for the condition being tested -control -a maximum of five -experimental -variable

control

Dr. John Snow's investigation of the cholera epidemic of 1854 most closely matches which approach to epidemiology?

descriptive epidemiology

observation leads to formulation of a question -analytical epidemiology -descriptive epidemiology -experimental epidemiology

descriptive epidemiology

observe and collect data concerning a disease

descriptive epidemiology

design and conduct a test of a hypothesis about a disease

experimental epidemiology

formulation of a hypothesis to address a question -analytical epidemiology -descriptive epidemiology -experimental epidemiology

experimental epidemiology

What was Leeuwenhoek's contribution to the science of microbiology? -He discovered some of the ways in which microbes can be transmitted between individuals. -He developed the vaccine for smallpox. -He did experiments supporting the idea of spontaneous generation. -He developed the first microscope.

he developed the first microscope

Spallanzani's experiments concerning spontaneous generation were NOT universally accepted because ___________. -he did not give proper credit to Needham for his experiments -he did not heat his infusion flasks long enough -he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them -he did not know which bacteria were growing in his flasks

he eliminated air from his flasks by sealing them

Some critics of Spallanzani's experiments thought that the reason sealed flasks were unable to spontaneously generate microorganisms was that there was not enough air present to support life. How did Louis Pasteur respond to this claim? -he rejected the original hypothesis -he modified the experiment to include air as treatment -he accepted the hypothesis -he modified the original hypothesis

he modified the experiment to include air as treatment

How did Francesco Redi attempt to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation? -He performed a series of experiments involving decaying meat and maggots. -He boiled vials of beef gravy and infusions of plant material, and then tightly sealed them with a cork. -He boiled vials of beef gravy and infusions of plant material for almost an hour and then tightly sealed them by melting the necks of the vials. -He boiled vials of beef gravy and infusions of plant material for almost an hour and bent the necks of the vials into an S-shape, allowing the entrance of air.

he performed a series of experiments involving decaying meat and maggots

The technique developed by Hans Christian Gram is important for bacterial -identification -epidemiology -classification -etiology -isolation

identification

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for -antisepsis -epidemiology -immunology -industrial microbiology -abiogenesis

industrial microbiology

All of the following individuals showed that cleanliness played a role in human disease EXCEPT __________. -semmelweis -jenner -nightingale -lister

jenner