Chapter 1 Origins of Nursing
Clara Barton (1821-1912)
Founded American Red Cross in 1881, volunteer under Dorothea dix
Saint Helena
Founder of first geriatric facility, mother of Constantine (Roman Emperor)
Lillian Wald (1867-1940)
Founder of public health nursing, Henry St. Settlement Visiting Nurse Society (VNS) in NYC in 1893. She convinced NYC schools to have a nurse on duty. She persuaded President Theodore Roosevelt to create a Federal Children's Bureau and insisted that nursing education occur in institutions of higher learning.
World War I (Influence of Nursing)
Marked the 1st emergency training of nurses. The army school of nursing was established. Annie W Goodrich (1876-1955) wrote the curriculum. Hundreds of women were trained in a shortened time period, however nearly all of them left nursing and returned to homemaking at the war end.
Phoebe
Mentioned in the Epistle to the romans (58, AD) First deaconess, first visiting nurse
Current Nursing Trends Sift to community-based care
Most clients now receive healthcare outside acute care settings. Today's nursing is delivered in a much wider rang of settings than in the past.
NLN
National League for Nursing
Henry Street Settlement
Neighborhood nursing service founded by Lillian Wald. A model for similar programs in the US and other countries.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Nurses should spend their time caring for others, not cleaning.
Current Nursing Trends Technology
Nurses, clients, and family members often must learn to operate highly sophisticated equipment to manage conditions in the home. This equipment makes accuracy in diagnosis and treatment possible. The teaching role of nursing is emphasized to a great extent.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Nursing curricula should include both theoretical knowledge and practical experience.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Nursing is a speciality.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Nursing is an art and a science.
The Nightingale School
Opened by Nightingale, it was the first nursing school opened outside a hospital in 1860. Course was 1 year length and included classroom and clinical experience. Clinical experience was gained at St Thomas hospital in London. Financially independent the school emphasized learning, rather than service to the hospital
Smith-Hughes Act
Passed in 1917, provided funding and gave impetus to vocational-technical public education
Five Roman matrons
Phoebe, Fabiola, Saint Marcella, Saint Paula, Saint Helena
Current Nursing Trends Social Factors
Many clients are homeless, unemployed or underemployed. Many people have no health insurance. Devastating deceases such as AIDS or TB are coming more prevalent. These factors create a need for more healthcare in the public sector.
Nursing School Pin
Pin received at graduation originally religious in nature. Today many bear some religious symbol, such a maltese cross or star of david. Another example is the Nightingale Lamp.
Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965)
Pioneer as a visiting nurse-midwife to the mountain people of Kentucky in the early 1900's, often making her rounds on horse back. She started one o the first midwifery schools in the US.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Prevention is better than a cure.
Nightingale's Definition of Nursing
Published in 1859 was Nightingale's definition of nursing and is still important today. "Nature alone cures. Surgery removes the bullet out of the limb, which is an obstruction to cure, but nature heals the wounds....Medicine assists nature to remove the obstruction, but does nothing more. And what nursing has to do in either case, is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him."
Thompson Practical Nursing School
School founded with money left by Thomas Thompson in 1907. Still exists today.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Self discipline and self evaluation are important
Mary Nutting (1858-1947)
She and Robb were instrumental in establishing the first college based nursing program at Teachers College of Columbia University. She was the first nurse to be on university staff. She also was instrumental in founding the international council of Nurses.
Caduceus
Staff of the roman god mercury, shown as a winged staff with two serpents wrapped around it.
Maltese Cross
Symbol of the knights Hospitalers, later becoming a symbol of the nightingale school. This symbol was the forerunner of nursing school pins worn today.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Teaching is part of nursing.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
The nurse is a member of a team.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
The nurse must use discretion but must follow the physician's order.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
The nurse should be healthy both in mind and body.
Nursing "Dark Ages", The Reformation
The reformation is the 1500's many monasteries closed and the work of women in religious orders nearly ended. Few women who cared for the sick were prisoners or prostitutes. Nursing was considered the most menial of all tasks, and the least desirable.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
The sick person is an individual with individual needs.
Current Nursing Trends Autonomy
The women movement has influenced nurses, many of whom are women to be more assertive and independent. Today's nursing role is a collaboration with others in the healthcare field. Primary care, previously delivered only by physicians, is now being delivered by NPs as well.
Current Nursing Trends Changes in the nursing education
Today's nursing programs education over service to clinical sites. Many LPNs are returning to school to become RB and many career ladder programs are available.
Current Nursing Trends Lifestyle Factors and greater Life expectancy
Today's society and the healthcare industry emphasize prevention of disease, healthy lifestyles, and wellness programs. Many people are living much longer and more active and healthy into their later year than in past generations. Greater life expectancy is causing huge growth in the areas of extended, long tern and home care. This growth will require many more nurses to work in such fields.
Pastor Theodore Fliedner (US)
Came to Pittsburg, PA with 4 nurse/deconesses. In 1849 he become involved with the Pittsburg Infirmary (the first protestant hospital in the US)
Nightingale Lamp
"lamp of learning" Florence Nightingale's dedicated service in the crimean war both during the day and night when she and her nurses made rounds carrying oil lamps created a public image if the lady with the lamp. An insignia for nursing and nursing education. The lamp represents warmth of caring. The light symbolizes striving for excellence and the Oil represents the energy and commitment of the nurse to heal others.
Crusades
(1096-1291) Female religious orders in northern Europe were nearly eliminated. Military men such as Knights Hospitalers of St. John in Jerusalem, conducted most nursing care. Their symbol of this order was the Maltese Cross.
Pittsburg Infirmary
1849, First protestant hospital in the US. Today it is called Passavant Heart. Known as the first "real" school of nursing in the US.
Florence Nightingale Crimean War
1854, she and 38 nurses entered the battlefield near scutari, Turkey and cared for the sick and injured. They had few supplies and little outside help. She insisted on establishing sanitary conditions and providing quality nursing care. This immediately reduced mortality rate. Her dedicated service both during the day and night when she and her nurses made rounds carrying oil lamps created a public image if the lady with the lamp.
Ballard School
1892, Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) opened the first practical nursing school in Brooklyn, NY. Later named Ballard School because Lucinda Ballard provided funding. Practical nursing was a 3 month course to train women in simple nursing care, emphasizing care of infants and children, orders adults and the disabled in their own home. Closed in 1949.
American Red Cross
1908, it began offering home nursing education to teach lay women appropriate nursing care for illness within their own families. Clara Barton (1821-1912) was credited for founding this organization. Jane Delano (1862-1919) was an Army nurse who was instrumental in this movement.
University of Minnesota
1909 First continuous program to educate nurses at the university level. Strongly influenced by Isabell Robb. Considered the beginning of nursing as a profession. BSN was established in 1919 which several other schools has also initiated college and university based program nursing programs.
Minneapolis Vocational High School
1919 first vocational nursing program
Holistic
Caring for the individual as a whole, translates to a nurses attentiveness to a client's personal needs from various perspectives.
Hippocrates
460-370 BC Father of Medicine, Introduced Scientific Methods
Nursing Insignia
A distinguishing badge of authority or honor. Examples; Nursing caps, nursing pun, capes, nightingale lamp, lamp of nursing, lamp of learning.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
A good nursing program encourages a nurse's individual development.
Household Nursing School
A group of women wanted to provide nursing care in the home for people who were sick. 1918 the school opened in Boston, later renamed the Shephard Dodge, the first director, and Helen Z Gill her associate and successor. The school operated until 1984.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
A nurse does not graduate but continues to learn throughout his or her career.
AJN
American Journal of Nursing
ANA
American Nursing Association
Early Influences of Nursing
Ancient time illness was considered a punishment for sins or possession by evil spirits. Medicine men or shaman who performed rituals using various plants, herbs and other materials healed the sick.
Principals of the Nightingale School for Nurses (Still taught today)
Cleanliness is vital to recover.
Louisa May Alcott
Author of little women, volunteer under Dorothea Dix.
First PN schools in the US (based on the nightingale Plan)
Ballard School in NY Thompson Practical Nursing school in VT Household Nursing School in Boston Mass
Ethics
Behavior that is appropriate for nurses
Florence Nightingale Early Life & Career
Born in Italy to wealthy English parents in 1820. 1851 entered Deaconess School in Kaiserswerth. Graduated in 1853 & became the superintendent of a charity hospital for governesses. Trained her attendants on the job and greatly improved the quality of care.
Advanced Greek Civilization
By 500 BC began to acknowledge other causes of illness other than punishment of the gods. They established centers sometimes called hostels or hospitals for care of the sick and injured. Pregnant women or people with incurable illness were not allowed in there. They used warm and mineral baths, massage and other forms of therapy that priestesses administered.
Current Nursing Trends Higher client acuity in the hospital and long-term settings.
Clients are sicker and leaving acute care for long term care sooner because of limitations on payment and shorter hospital stays. Such developments require nurses working in all care areas to have higher levels of skill, additional education, and more specialization.
Nursing Uniforms
Clients feel more comfortable when nurses are easily identifiable and distinguishable. Examples, All white uniform, name (traditional) and name tag
Saint Paula
Created with establishing inns and hospitals to care for pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. First to teach that nursing is an art rather than a service.
Hippocrates (continued)
Denounced the idea of mystical influence. Emphasized the importance of caring for the whole person (holistic healthcare)
Lucile Petry Leone (1902-1999)
Director of US Cadet Nurse Corps where more than 14,000 volunteer nurses graduated in about 2 years.
Katherine J Densofrd (1890-1978)
Director of the school of nursing at the university of Minnesota who was a major opponent of the draft. She trained expand numbers of nurses in a short time. Because of her efforts the schools population multiplied by 5 in a matter of weeks. More than 1200 cadets graduated from that school alone. The draft was abandoned.
Nightingale School Innovations
Education included classroom & Clinical experience. Establishment of a nurse's residence . Entrance exams & academic and personal requirements, including character reference. Records of each students progress, later known as the "nightingale plan" a model for current nursing programs. Records of employment of students after graduation, or a formal register- the beginnings of nursing practice standards.
Mary E. Mahoney (1845-1926)
First African American graduate nurse, promoted fair treatment of african americans in healthcare. She promoted integration and better working conditions for minority healthcare workers in Boston.
Chicago Public Schools
First accredited (by NLN) PN schools
Saint Marcella
First nursing educator
Mississippi
First school to designate/recognize LPNs was in this state
New York
First state to require licensure
Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards (1841-1930)
First trained nurse in the US, Graduated in the early 1870s and organized the school of nursing at Massachusetts General hospital, then called the Boston training school
Isabel Hampton Rob (1860-1910)
Founder of the school of nursing at Johns Hopkins University. Credited for founding the American Nurse Association (ANA). ANA in 1911 originally called the alumnae association. Rob and Lavinia Lloyd Dock founded the american society of superintendents of training schools of nursing in 1894, which in 1903 evolved into the education committee of the national league for nursing. Wrote one of the earliest textbooks Materia Medica for Nurses and coauthored a four-volume Journal of Nursing. Robb also founded the American Journal of Nursing (AJN). She introduced charting and nurse licensure to improve continuity of care. She initiated the idea of graduate nursing in the late 1800s.
Pastor Theodore Fliedner (Europe)
From Kaiserworth Germany, established Kaiserworth School of Nursing in 1836, One of the first formally established schools of nursing in the world. Director of the lateran order of deaconesses. Attended by Florence Nightingale
Who was the first person to introduce the physical assessment, medical ethics, client-centered care, and systematic observation and reporting.
Hippocrates
Client
Individual receiving care, takes an active role in care, also known as a patient
Fabiola
Influenced and paid for the first free hospital in Rome (390 AD)
World War II (Influence of Nursing)
US Cadet Nurse Corps was established, Lucile Petry Leone (1902-1999) as director, more than 14,000 volunteer nurses graduated in about 2 years. The original plan was to Draft Nurses. Katherine J Densofrd (1890-1978) director of the school of nursing at the university of Minnesota was a major opponent of this. She trained expand numbers of nurses in a short time. Draft was abandoned. First time that men as well as women were actively recruited into nursing. They were not given equal rank until 1954. Many nurse cadets remained in the field. The employment gave many women a measure of independence that they had not previously known. Emphasis was placed on improved graduate education for nurses. Nurses began to assume a broader, more responsible role.
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
Union Army appointed Superintendent of female nurses. She recruited Volunteer nurses to treat men injured in the war. Campaigned for the humane treatment of mentally ill patients
