chapter 1 psych

The first week of college is difficult for Drew because his best friend is attending college in another state. His roommate says, "Don't worry, Drew, absence makes the heart grow fonder." Drew bases his response on a chapter he just read in his psychology textbook, saying: "Thanks for reminding me! Research almost always confirms the accuracy of common sense sayings." "That doesn't help much. That saying was derived from empirical research and cannot be applied to everyday life." "Yes, it is obvious from psychological research that common sense sayings are always accurate when put to the tests of science." "Common sense sayings often contradict one another. Do you remember the saying, "out of sight, out of mind"?

"Common sense sayings often contradict one another. Do you remember the saying, "out of sight, out of mind"?

Critical thinkers analyze their assumptions. Which of the following critical thinking errors illustrates that the speaker has not analyzed his assumptions? "Men are less emotional than women—it is part of a man's basic nature to be logical rather than emotional." "How can you be a professor of psychology if you don't know the basics of the subject?" "What do you mean you don't know why I'm getting these headaches—you're a doctor, so find the problem and fix it!" "I don't want to see that movie—my roommate said that it was so boring she left the theater before it ended."

"Men are less emotional than women—it is part of a man's basic nature to be logical rather than emotional."

_______________ is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application. a. Basic Psychology b. Applied psychology c. Clinical psychology d. Educational psychology

Basic Psychology

_______________ can trigger creative thinking. a. Attending class and reading textbooks b. Receiving wisdom from experts c. Being as open-minded as possible d. Curiosity and wonder

Curiosity and wonder

In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, _______________, who gave Wundt's approach the name "structuralism." William James Sigmund Freud John Watson E.B. Titchener

E.B. Titchener

_______________ is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes. Behavioral Feminist Applied Basic

Feminist

The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in: America. Holland. China. Germany.

Germany.

The _______________ was the forerunner of modern cognitive therapies and made efforts to correct the false ideas that were said to make people anxious, depressed, and unhappy. a. Mind Cure movement b. functional movement c. white revolution d. industrial revolution

Mind Cure movement

_______________ is the aspect of psychology least recognized and understood by the public, according to Ludy Benjamin. Therapy Consulting Teaching Research

Research

The ideas of _______________ led to the evolution of psychoanalysis, an important school of psychological thought. Wilhelm Wundt Joseph Gall William James Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

_______________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. a. William James b. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt d. E. B. Titchener

Sigmund Freud

______________ focus on how groups affect attitudes and behavior, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people—spouses, lovers, friends, bosses, parents, and strangers. a. Social psychologists b. cognitive researchers c. learning theorists d. biological psychologists

Social psychologists

______________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind. Structuralism Functionalism Humanism Behaviorism

Structuralism

Critical thinkers should approach psychology textbooks as: an opportunity to generate questions. a way to reduce uncertainties a source of wisdom from expert researchers. a tool for self-analysis.

an opportunity to generate questions.

Beliefs that are taken for granted are called: archetypes. reinforcers. assumptions. traits.

assumptions.

"I really want to believe that my vague recollection of an incident that occurred at Disneyland as a preschooler is true, but that doesn't mean that it is true." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? avoid emotional reasoning don't oversimplify define your terms examine the evidence

avoid emotional reasoning

Randy meets a Californian who grows his own vegetables and refuses to have nonorganic food. Randy concludes that Californians are overzealous about nutrition. Which critical-thinking guideline is Randy neglecting? examination of evidences tolerance for uncertainty emotional reasoning avoidance of oversimplification

avoidance of oversimplification

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that: basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research to solve practical problems. basic research studies physical processes and applied research studies mental processes. basic research involves experimentation and applied research involves psychiatry. basic research studies only humans while applied research studies both animals and human beings.

basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research to solve practical problems.

Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with: a. the study of humankind and the importance of culture in explaining the diversity in human behavior. b. the study of all physical stimuli that affect human sensations and perceptions. c. maladaptive human behaviors and cognitions that are incorporated into a person's self-worth during childhood. d. behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Which of the following is one of the eight essential critical-thinking guidelines? a. accept generalizations b. practice emotional reasoning c. examine evidence d. intolerance for uncertainty

c. examine evidence

"My memory of getting knocked down by a wave at Newport Beach could be based on what my parents told me later, not on my own recollection." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? define your terms consider other interpretations don't oversimplify ask questions and be willing to wonder

consider other interpretations

In their research studies, contemporary psychologists rely heavily upon: phrenology. case descriptions. anecdotes from personal experience. empirical evidence.

empirical evidence.

Two teen-aged boys get into a fistfight at school. When several girls start paying attention to the boys, their fight seems to intensify. A psychologist trained in the functionalist perspective would lay emphasis on: the basic elements of the boys' feelings and sensations in the presence of girls. finding why the fight intensified when the boys gained attention from girls. whether the boys had experienced childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggression. the bumps on the heads of most boys devoted to "aggression."

finding why the fight intensified when the boys gained attention from girls.

Which of the following schools of psychological thought was influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? psychoanalysis phrenology functionalism structuralism

functionalism

Which school of thought in psychology tried to explain how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person adapt to the environment? psychiatry functionalism structuralism phrenology

functionalism

Wilhelm Wundt is known for: training doctors to treat mental illness. writing books on ethics and logic. initiating the movement to make psychology a science. establishing phrenology as a science.

initiating the movement to make psychology a science.

A manuscript on human nature is discovered and scientists confirm that it is the work of an ancient scholar. In this manuscript, human nature is most likely explored through: insights inferred from anecdotes. experimentation. empirical evidence. trained introspection.

insights inferred from anecdotes.

The _______________ perspective of psychology focuses on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors. sociocultural psychodynamic learning cognitive

learning

Violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively. Which of the following psychological perspectives is this an example of? learning perspective cognitive perspective sociocultural perspective biological perspective

learning perspective

Sam, a business-owner, sought the help of a friend to find out which employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired. The friend examined bumps on the heads of all applicants and gave Sam a list of the employees he should hire. Sam's friend is a _______________. alchemist psychiatrist phrenologist sociologist

phrenologist

Researchers in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory studied: chemistry. psychology. sociology. phrenology.

psychology.

Empirical findings are those that: a. compare subjects of different ages at a given time. b. are conducted in a field setting outside of a laboratory. c. rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement. d. characterize an entire set of research data.

rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement

A person is asked to listen to the clicking of a metronome and then to report exactly what she heard. Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of? a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. psychoanalysis d. functionalism

structuralism

Which school of thought in psychology used the method of trained introspection in research studies? psychoanalysis structuralism functionalism phrenology

structuralism

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior, feelings, and thoughts? a. the cognitive perspective b. the biological perspective c. the evolutionary perspective d. the psychodynamic perspective

the biological perspective

Which modern psychological perspective is evolutionary psychology a part of? a. the psychodynamic perspective b. the biological perspective c. the sociocultural perspective d the cognitive perspective

the biological perspective

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems? the cognitive perspective the psychodynamic perspective the learning perspective the sociocultural perspective

the cognitive perspective

An important movement in psychology that emerged in the early 1970s was: the feminist movement. positive psychology. the humanist movement. the behaviorist movement.

the feminist movement.

Which modern psychological perspective is behaviorism a part of? the cognitive perspective the biological perspective the learning perspective the sociocultural perspective

the learning perspective

Which of the following modern psychological perspectives has strongly encouraged precision and objectivity in psychology? the cognitive perspective the sociocultural perspective the learning perspective the biological perspective

the learning perspective

Which of the following is an important perspective in psychology of the past? the structuralist perspective the psychodynamic perspective the sociocultural perspective the biological perspective

the structuralist perspective

"I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate? avoid emotional reasoning don't oversimplify ask questions and be willing to wonder tolerate uncertainty

tolerate uncertainty

_______________ is a research method popularized by Wilhelm Wundt in which trained volunteers take as long as 20 minutes to report their inner experiences during a 1.5-second experiment. a. experimentation b. critical thinking c. conceptual proliferation d. trained introspection

trained introspection

Which of the following statements is a structuralist most likely to ask? When does an organism sleep? What happens when an organism sleeps? Why does an organism sleep? How does an organism sleep?

What happens when an organism sleeps?

Andy claims that phrenology is a pseudoscience and not a true science. Which of the following statements supports her claim? Most of the phrenologists received inadequate training in the analysis of head bumps and so there were variations in their predictions. Phrenologists relied heavily on the theories of Charles Darwin, and yet they could not link the bumps to evolutionary adaptation. When phrenologists found large "stealing" bumps on the head of a person who was not a thief, they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check. When "bumps" did not accurately explain a person's characteristics, the phrenologists explained the contradiction by hypothesizing traumatic childhood experiences.

When phrenologists found large "stealing" bumps on the head of a person who was not a thief, they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check.

The founder of functionalism was: Sigmund Freud. William James. E. B. Titchener. Wilhelm Wundt.

William James.

Psychoanalysis is: a. a theory of personality which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. b. a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior. c. a theory of personality which emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes. d. a method of psychotherapy which emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations.

a theory of personality which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.