Chapter 1 Psychology Section 3 A History of Psychology

Peri Psyches

"About the mind."

B. F. Skinner

Believed behavior depended on what happened after a stimulus-an event or sensation-and not before. He called this "operant behavior." Like animals, people learn to behave in certain ways because they have received the positive or negative reinforcement that guides their behavior. REINFORCEMENT.

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler

Felt that behaviorism was only concerned with treating a specific problem outside of its larger context. They formed the psychology of Gestalt, which means "shape" or "form" in German, is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts. Rather, they are wholes that give shape, or meaning, to the parts.

John Locke

He believed that knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.

William James

He claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing, so he focused

1.) The Law of Continuity 2.) The Law of Frequency 3.) The Law of Similarity 4.) The Law of Contrast

What are the laws of associationism?

John B. Watson

"I asserted that psychology was a science and must be limited to observable, measurable events, an assertion that led me to found behaviorism."

B. F. Skinner

"I concluded that people learn to behave in certain ways because they have received positive reinforcement for their behavior."

William James

"I disagreed with the structuralists and argued that experience is a constant stream of consciousness."

Sigmund Freud

"I founded psychoanalysis and the theory of psychodynamic thinking."

Aristotle

"I lived in ancient Greece and outlined that laws of associationism."

Introspection

"Looking within."

"Tabula rasa"

"The mind is a blank slate written on by experience."

The Law of Frequency

The more frequently two things are experienced together, the more likely it will be that the experience or recall of one will stimulate the recall of the second.

Gestalt Psychology

The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions of individual parts into meaningful wholes.

Behaviorism

The school of psychology, founded by John B. Watson that defines psychology as the scientific stody of observable behavior.

Psychoanalysis

The school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behavior.

Structuralism

The school of psychology, founded by Wilhelm Windt, that maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

Functionalism

The school of psychology, founded by William James, that emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes and what they accomplish for the individual.

Psychoanalysis

The school of thought called _____________________ emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human bahaviour.

Psychodynamic Thinking

The theory that most of what exists in an indivdual's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.

Associationism

The theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions.

Laws of Associationism

1.) The Law of Contiguity 2.) The Law of Frequency 3.) The Law of Similarity 4.) The Law of Contrast

Aristotle

A student of Plato; A Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality. He believed in monism.

Plato

A student philosopher of Socrates in ancient Greece who recorded Socrates' advice, "Know thyself."

"Stream of Consciousness."

A thought regarded as a flowing series of images and ideas running through the mind.

John B. Watson

Believed that people had three basic emotional reactions: fear, rage, and love. "Regardless of whom we think we really are inside, we can be totally conditioned by external events. Our belief in individual choice is just an illusion." BEHAVIORISM

Charles Darwin

He created the theory of evolution. He studied the evolution of finches and expanded his study to include humans. He opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.

Rene Descartes

He opposed monism and originated the concept of dualism. He proposed the idea of voluntary and involuntary behavior. He ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.

Socrates

He suggested that we can learn much about ourselves by carefully examining our own thoughts and feelings.

Sigmund Freud

His declaration that people essentially have free will and are subject to the working of the unconscious mind was highly revolutionary. He psychoanalyzed himself and extensively studied his dreams, memories, and personality and came to the conclusion that he had many mental disorders.

Introspection

Some psychologists believe that _________________, or looking ithin, is one way to learn about ourselves.

What did structuralists believe?

Structuralists believed that the human mind functioned by combining the basic elements of experience (the senses and also perception).

Dualism

The belief that the spirit and mind are separate and inly interact with each other.

Monism

The belief that the spirit and the mind are one and they can not be separated.

The Law of Contrast

The experience or recall of one object will elicit the recall of opposite things.

The Law of Similarity

The experience or recall of one object will elicit the recall of things similar to that object.

The Law of Continuity

The experience or recall of one object will elicit the recall of things that were originally experienced along with that object.

Wilhelm Wundt

The father of psychology; Established psychology as a field of study separate from philosophy and the natural sciences. Most of his experiments were on experiments sensation and perception. He did not believe that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally. He and his students founded "STRUCTURALISM."

Structuralism

The field of ______________________ is based on the discovery of the basic elements of consciousness.

The "common sense."

Where, according to Artistole, did associationism occur?

D.) Middle Ages

Which of the following terms do not relate to the others? A.) Learning B.) Associationism C.) Aristotle D.) Middle Ages

C.) Introspection

Which of the following terms do not relate to the others? A.) Reward B.) B. F. Skinner C.) Introspection D.) Reinforcement

B.) Structuralism

Which of the following terms do not relate to the others? A.) Sigmund Freud B.) Structuralism C.) Psychoanalysis D.) Psychodynamic Thinking

D.) Gestalt Psychology

Which of the following terms do not relate to the others? A.) Stream of Consciousness B.) William James C.) Functionalism D.) Gestalt Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt; he established the lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.

Who established the world's first psychology lab?

Hippocrates

Who rejected the Greek belief of the Gods punishing men (and women) with madness and confusion after they've committed a wrongdoing?

Behaviorism

_______________________ is the scientific study of observable behavior.

Gestalt

________________________ psychology is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts.