Chapter 1 Review

What is normal body temperature?

37 degrees celsius

What does the principle of complementarity say?

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. Function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Armpit

Axillary

Pertaining to the cheek

Buccal

What system contains blood vessels that transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc, the heart pumps blood?

Cardiovascular system

Neck region

Cervical

The *blank* body cavity is totally surrounded by bone and provides very good protection to the structures it contains

Cranial

What system breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces?

Digestive system

Pertaining to the toes

Digital

The cranial and spinal cavities are parts of the *blank* body cavity

Dorsal

What system contains glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?

Endocrine system

What system's overall function is production of offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus, mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn?

Female Reproductive systerm

Thigh region

Femoral

Buttock area

Gluteal

Area where trunk meets thigh

Groin

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables), communication necessary for monitory and regulation, nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Homeostatic control mechanisms

What system forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands?

Integumentary system

Back area from ribs to hips

Lumbar

What system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in immunity, the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body?

Lymphatic system/Immunity

What are the necessary life functions?

Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

What system's overall function is production of offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract?

Male Reproductive system

What system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat?

Muscular system

What system is the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?

Nervous system

Posterior aspect of head

Occipital

What system keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?

Respiratory system

What system protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals?

Skeletal system

Belly button area

Umbilical

What system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood?

Urinary system

The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are subdivisions of the *blank* body cavity

Ventral

Which body cavity is the bladder located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the large intestine located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the liver located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the ovaries located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the rectum located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the small intestine located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the spleen located in?

abdominopelvic

Which body cavity is the stomach located in?

abdominopelvic

What is responsiveness?

ability to sense and respond to stimuli, withdrawal reflex, control of breathing rate

What is metabolism?

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells, catabolism and anabolism

The thoracic cavity is *blank* to the spinal cavity

anterior, frontal

In humans, the ventral surface can also be called the *blank* surface

anterior/frontal

In the anatomical position, the nose and belly button are on the *blank* body surface

anterior/frontal

The heart is *blank* to the spine

anterior/frontal

What is necessary for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs?

appropriate atmospheric pressure

What are the two major divisions of the body?

axial and appendicular

What is the standard anatomical body position?

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from the body

What affects the rate of chemical reactions?

body temperature

What is digestion?

breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, absorption of simple molecules into blood

What is reproduction?

cellular division for growth and repair, production of offspring

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

What are nutrients?

chemicals for energy and cell building, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Which control mechanism determines set point at which variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, and determines appropriate response?

control center

Which body cavity is the brain located in?

cranial

Away from the body surface; more internal

deep (internal)

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

The soles of the feet are the most *blank* part of the body

distal

What is homeostatic imbalance?

disturbance of homeostasis, increase risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

dorsal (posterior)

Which control mechanism receives output from control center, provides the means to respond, and response either reduces or enhances stimulus?

effector

Subdivisions of anatomy include:

gross/macroscopic, microscopic, developmental

To study physiology you must:

have the ability to focus at many levels, study basic physical principles, study basic chemical principles

What is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment, a dynamic state of equilibrium, and maintained by contributions of all organ systems?

homeostasis

What is growth?

increase in size of a body part or of organism

In four-legged animals, the ventral surface is the *blank* surface

inferior

The nipples are *blank* to the shoulders

inferior

The knee is *blank* to the thigh

inferior/distal

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

interior (caudal)

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

intermediate

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

lateral

To study anatomy you must:

master anatomical terminology, observation, manipulation, palpation, auscultation

The heart is *blank* to the lungs

medial

The nipples are *blank* to the armpits

medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

medial

Which response reduces or shuts off original stimulus?

negative feedback

What are the survival needs?

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Subdivisions of physiology are based on:

organ systems

What is essential for energy release (ATP production)?

oxygen

Forms a slippery sac around the heart

pericardium

Surrounds the abdominopelvic cavity organs

peritoneum

Covers the lungs and cavity of the thorax

pleurae

Which response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus, may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect, and usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment?

positive feedback

The calves and shoulder blades are on the *blank* body surface

posterior

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

proximal

Which control mechanism monitors environment and responds to stimuli?

receptor (sensor)

What are the components of a control mechanism?

receptor, control center, effector

What is excretion?

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion, urea, carbon dioxide, feces

If an incision cuts the brain into right and left parts, the section is a *blank* section

sagittal

You are told to cut an animal along two planes so that the paired lungs are observable in both sections. The two sections that meet this requirement are the *blank* and *blank* sections

sagittal, frontal

Which body cavity is the spinal cord located in?

spinal

Toward or at the body surface

superficial ( external)

The thoracic cavity is *blank* to the abdominopelvic cavity

superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

superior (cranial)

The knee is *blank* to the toes

superior/proximal

Anatomy is

the study of structure

Physiology is

the study of the function of the body

Which body cavity is the heart located in?

thoracic

Which body cavity is the lungs located in?

thoracic

If the brain is cut so that the superior and inferior parts result, the section is a *blank* section

transverse

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

ventral (anterior)

What is the most abundant chemical in body, environment of chemical reactions, and fluid base for secretions and excretions?

water