Chapter 1 Science of Biology

Curiosity can lead to...

...new questions.

What are the central themes of biology?

1. Cellular basis of life 2. Information and heredity 3. Matter and energy 4. Growth development, and reproduction 5. Homeostasis 6. Evolution 7. Structure and function 8. Unity and diversity of life 9. Interdependence in nature 10. Science as a way of knowing

What are the two groups the experiment is divided up into?

1. Control group 2. Experimental group

What characteristics do all living things share?

1. Made up of basic units called cells 2. Based on universal genetic code 3. Obtain and use materials and energy. 4. Grow and develop 5. Reproduce 6. Respond to their environment 7. Maintain stable internal environment 8. Change over time.

What procedures are at the core of scientific methodology?

1. Observing 2. Asking questions 3. Inferences 4. Forming hypotheses 5. Controlled experiments 6. Collecting & analyzing data 7. Drawing conclusions.

What are the goals of science?

1. Provide natural explanations for events in the natural world. 2. Use those explanations to understand patterns in nature. 3. Make useful predictions about natural events.

What is bias?

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

What do we have for evidence to prove that evolutionary change takes place?

All aspects of living and fossil organisms, physical features to structures of proteins to sequences of information in DNA.

What is the tree of life?

An organized "tree" of all living things that are identified and cataloged.

Who peer reviews scientific papers?

Anonymous, independent, experts.

Organisms besides plants and animals reproduce through ______ reproduction.

Asexual

Why do you think scientific discovery raises more questions that it answers?

Because science is always changing. Science doesn't prove anything in absolute terms.

What does it mean to differentiate?

Begin to look different from one another and to perform different functions.

The way that science is applied in society can be affected by ____.

Bias

How do different fields of biology differ in their approach to studying life?

Biology includes many overlapping fields that use different tools to study life from the level of molecules to the entire planet.

All forms of life on Earth are connected into a ______.

Biosphere

Life requires matter that serves as nutrients to...

Build body structures and energy that fuels life's processes.

How do organisms keep their internal environment under control?

By homeostasis

All organisms are composed of a common set of ____-based molecules, store _____ information, and use _____ to build structures and carry out their functions.

Carbon, genetic, protiein.

What is sexual reproduction?

Cells form two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism.

What are the metric units of temperature?

Celsius

Biology is a collection of _____ facts of beliefs about the world.

Changing

What is metabolism?

Combination of chemical reaction through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.

What scientific attitudes help generate new ideas?

Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity.

What is a biosphere?

Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.

Information from ___ are are copied and passed from parent to offspring and is almost identical in every organism on Earth.

DNA

The ___ inside our cells can influence our future - getting cancer, amount of cholesterol in blood, and the color of your children's hair.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Variable

Factors in the experiment that change.

What is the metric system?

Decimal system of measurement based on multiples of 10.

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid; Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive, characteristics.

Scientists who disagree w/ hypotheses do what?

Design experiments to test them.

What is the cycle of science and society?

Develop technology, address societal issues, inform policy, solve everyday problems, satisfy curiosity, build knowledge.

What do you do when it isn't possible to test hypothesis?

Devise hypothesis to be tested by observations.

When cells divide, they ______.

Differentiate

How are technology, science, and society closely linked?

Discoveries in one field of science may lead to new technologies which enable scientists in other fields to ask new questions or to gather data in new ways.

True or false: Scientists propose explanations based on belief.

False - Evidence

How do most animals obtain energy?

Eat plants or other animals.

Data

Evidence; Information gathered from observations.

________ ____ links all forms of life to a common origin more than _._ ______ years ago.

Evolutionary change, 3.5 billion

What theory explains why organisms have a certain "unity" and "diversity" of life?

Evolutionary theory.

Controlled Experiment

Experiment in which only one variable is changed.

What happens during growth and development?

Generalized cells typically become more different and specialized for particular functions.

Control Group

Group in experiment exposed to same conditions as experimental group except one independent variable.

What is a scientific theory?

In science, the word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations, hypotheses, and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations.

What is biotechnology?

It's based on our ability to "edit" and rewrite the genetic code.

What does the Greek word "bios" mean?

Life

What is the cellular basis of life?

Living things are made up of cells. Some organisms (e.g. paramecium) consist of 1 cell. Plants and animals are multicellular, consisting of many different sizes, shapes, and functions.

Inference

Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.

Independent Variable

Manipulated variable; Variable that is deliberately changed.

What happens if an organism's homeostasis breaks down?

May have serious or fatal consequences.

What are the metric units of mass? How are they related?

Milligrams, grams, kilograms, metric ton. 1,000 mg = 1 g 1,000 g = 1 kg 1,000 kg = 1 t

What are the metric units of volume? How are they related?

Milliliters, liter, cubic centimeters. 1,000 mL = 1 L 1 L = 1,000 cubic centimeters.

What are the metric units of length? How are they related?

Millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers. 10 mm = 1 cm 100 cm = 1 m 1,000 m = 1 km

How is the metric system important in science?

Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments.

Scientists' explanations only involves _____ ______.

Natural Phenomena; Does not include ethical or moral viewpoints.

How do scientists communicate their results?

New ideas leads to feedback & peer review, replication of results, publication, discussion with colleagues.

Good scientists share scientific attitudes that lead them to exploration and discovery. The scientific attitudes help generate what?

New ideas.

Quantitative Data

Numbers obtained by counting or measuring.

What is science?

Organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

What do peer reviewers look for?

Oversights, unfair influences, fraud, or mistakes in techniques or reasoning. They ensure highest standards of quality are met.

Hypothesis

Possible explanation for set of observations or possible answer to scientific question.

Observation

Process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.

Why is peer review important?

Publishing peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals allow researchers to share ideas and to test and evaluate each other's work.

What is homeostasis?

Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain.

Dependent Variable

Responding variable: Variable that's observed and that changes in response to the independent variable.

Why aren't theories considered absolute truth?

Science is always changing; new evidence is uncovered, a theory may be revised or replaced by a more useful explanation.

Scientific methodology starts with observations and questions that may be inspire by _______ __________, _________ ____________, and ___ _________.

Scientific attitudes, practical problems, and new technology.

What is the heart of science?

Scientific methodology

Evidence may support several related hypotheses in a way that inspires researches to propose what?

Scientific theory that ties those hypotheses together.

Most plants and animals engage in _____ reproduction.

Sexual

What is the cycle of exploration and discovery?

Sharing data and ideas are connected to everything: asking questions (to observations & literature), making observations (questions and inspiration), finding inspiration (observations and literature) and exploring literature (questions)>

What is stimulus?

Signal to which an organism responds.

What happens during development?

Single fertilized egg divides over and over again.

What is asexual reproduction?

Single organism produces offspring identical to itself.

What is global ecology?

Study about our global impact that affects life on Earth.

What does the Greek word "logy" mean?

Study of

What is genomics and molecular biology?

Study of DNA and other molecules inside cells.

What is biology?

Study of life

Science does not deal with the _______ world.

Supernatural

________, science, and society are all closely linked.

Technology

Over generations, groups of organisms evolve. What does this mean?

The organisms change over time.

What is ecology and evolution of infectious diseases?

The relationships and interactions between hosts and pathogens.

How do plants obtain energy?

Through sunlight & take up nutrients from air, water, and soil.

Why is creativity an important scientific attitude?

To design experiments that yield accurate data.

What does it mean to be skeptic?

To question existing ideas and hypotheses. Also refuse explanations without evidence.

True or false: All living things reproduce.

True

True or false: Organisms use structures that have evolved into different forms as species have adapted life in different environments.

True

Instead of memorizing scientific facts and ideas, you should _______ them.

Understand

Supporters of hypotheses do what?

Undertake rigorous testing of their ideas to confirm them and to address any questions raised.

All objects and interactions in universe are governed by ____ _____ ____.

Universal natural laws.

What is the relationship between science and society?

Using science involves understanding its context in society and its limitations.

Why do technological advances have such big impacts on daily life?

We are able to do certain things that we couldn't do before. (E.g. biotechnology & genetics - now able to mass-produce complex substances [vitamins, etc.])

What does it mean to be open-minded?

Willing to accept different ideas that may not agree w/ their hypothesis.

The need for ______ and ______ link all living things on Earth in a web of interdependent relationships.

matter and energy

Relationships between organisms and their environments depend on cycling of ___ and flow of ____.

matter, energy

Look for _____ & ______ when collecting information.

patterns, connections

Scientists use experimental data to ___, ___, & ___ hypothesis being tested to draw valid conclusion.

support, refuse, revise

Living things reproduce, which means...

they produce new similar organisms.