Chapter 1-Sociological Perspective

____ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system. a) Functionalist b) Interactionist c) Conflict d) Feminist

*Functionalist* perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.

____________examined religion, politics, child rearing, slavery, and immigration. a) Auguste Comte b) Harriet Martineau c ) Herbert Spencer d) Emile Durkheim e) Karl Marx

*Harriet Martineau* examined religion, politics, child rearing, slavery, and immigration.

Harriet Martineau

Believed society would improve when: Women and men were treated equally. Enlightened reform occurred. Cooperation existed among all social classes. Advocate for woman, children and slaves

Max Weber

Believed sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests. Provided insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.

______________ is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries. a) Urbanization b) Globalization c) Industrialization d) Gentrification e) none of these choices

*Industrialization* is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

_____________stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. a) Auguste Comte b) Harriet Martineau c) Herbert Spencer d) Emile Durkheim e) Karl Marx

*Karl Marx* stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces.

Social Darwinism

- the belief that those human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out

Methodological

- the organizational application of scientific knowledge to physical and social phenomena.

Social and political

- the use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so that the best one could be chosen.

Anomie

: observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produces a strain in society. These strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority.

_____ perspectives are based on the assumption that groups are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. a) Functionalist b) Interactionist c) Conflict d) Feminist

*Conflict* perspectives are based on the assumption that groups are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

Who believed that the limits of human potential are socially based, not biologically based? a) Auguste Comte b) Harriet Martineau c) Herbert Spencer d) Emile Durkheim e) Karl Marx

*Emile Durkheim* believed that the limits of human potential are socially based, not biologically based.

intellectual revolution

how people thought about social change, progress, and critical thinking.

Psychology

is the study of behavior and mental processes - what occurs in the mind.

society

large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and culture.

main principles of symbolic interactions'

meanings arise of out of social interaction symbols social action results from a fitting together of individual lines of action

Gender

meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences, referred to as femininity and masculinity.

Personal troubles

private problems that affect individuals and the networks of people with which they associate regularly.

Public issues

problems that affect large numbers of people and require solutions at the societal level

Urbanization

process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

Industrialization

process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

Class

relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

Anthropology

seeks to understand human existence over geographic space and evolutionary time.

Emile Durkheim

Believed the limits of human potential are socially, not biologically based. One of his most important contributions to sociology was the idea that societies are built on social facts. Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person. Anomie: observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produces a strain in society. These strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority.

August Comte

Considered the "founder of sociology." Sociology= the study of society Comte's philosophy became known as positivism— a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry. Comte believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only through the use of science rather than religion.

Emphasis was placed on the individual's possession of critical reasoning and experience during: a) the industrial revolution. b) the Enlightenment. c) urbanization. d) the Middle Ages.

Emphasis was placed on the individual's possession of critical reasoning and experience during the *Enlightenment.*

Femininity and masculinity are _____-related terms. a) sex b) gender c) biology d) anatomically

Femininity and masculinity are *gender*-related terms.

Jane Adams

Founded Hull House, (started as a main house and grew to a 13 building complex) one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago. One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years. Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.

Functionalism

Functionalism is based around a number of key concepts. Firstly, society is viewed as a system - a collection of interdependent parts, with a tendency toward equilibrium. Secondly, there are functional requirements that must be met in a society for its survival (such as reproduction of the population). Thirdly, phenomena are seen to exist because they serve a function.

Two Dimensions Of Comte's Positivism

Methodological/Social and political

W. E. B. Du Bois

One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both a black and an American. Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination.

Sociology is the systematic study of: a) intuition and commonsense knowledge. b) human society and social interaction. c) the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society. d) personality and human development.

Sociology is the systematic study of *human society and social interaction*

Herbert Spencer

Spencer's major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change. Social Darwinism - the belief that those human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

The ability to provide theory and research beyond one's own country enveloping countries all over the world is known as a _____ approach. a) global b) developed nation c) developing nation d) personal awareness

The ability to provide theory and research beyond one's own country enveloping countries all over the world is known as a *global approach*

The early social thinker who coined the term Sociology and his or her philosophy became known as positivism is: a) Karl Marx. b) Emile Durkheim. c) Auguste Comte. d) Harriet Martineau.

The early social thinker who coined the term Sociology and his or her philosophy became known as positivism is *Auguste Comte.*

Where was the first department of sociology established? a) Ohio b) Michigan c) Chicago d) Texas e) California

The first department of sociology was established in *Chicago.*

The idea that research should be conducted in a scientific manner and would exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests was emphasized by: a) Jane Addams. b) Karl Marx. c) Georg Simmel. d) Max Weber.

The idea that research should be conducted in a scientific manner and would exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests was emphasized by *Max Weber.*

Georg Simmel

Theorized about society as a web of patterned interactions among people. Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group. Developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal recurring social forms that underlie the varying content of social interaction.

Karl Marx

Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces (classes). Believed class conflict produced social change and a better society. Combined ideas from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.

Social facts

are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

Theories

are tools that help us ask questions, collect and analyze information, and interpret the implications of the analyses.

Conflict approach

argues that society is constantly in conflict over resources.

Economists

attempt to explain how the limited resources of a society are allocated among competing demands, such as monetary policy, inflation, and the national debt.

Sex

biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

Ethnicity

cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

Sociological research

examines the effects of groups, organizations, and institutions on social life.

Functional approach

focuses on stability at the expense of social change.

conflict perspective

focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society.

Sociology

systematic study of human society and social interaction. Sociologists study societies and social interactions to develop theories of : How human behavior is shaped by group life. How group life is affected by individuals. seeks to understand contemporary social organization, relations, and change.

Race

used to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics such as skin color.