CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Define Cytology

study of body cells and their internal structure

Define Histology

study of tissues

What is the anatomical term for the calf area?

sural

What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

transverse plane

Name the 2 serous membrane layers of the Pericardium (heart).

1) Parietal pericardium - Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart 2) Visceral pericardium - Forms the heart's external surface

What characteristic describes small molecules joining together to form larger ones?

Anabolism

[BLANK] studies the form and structure of the body.

Anatomy

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy (studies form) & Physiology (examines function). Form and Function are interrelated. Both disciplines must use information from the other field.

__________ are the smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element, such as carbon and hydrogen.

Atoms

Pubic refers to the ______. Multiple choice question. A) groin B) anterior region of the thorax C) anterior region of the pelvis D) posterior region of the pelvis

C) anterior region of the pelvis

What characteristic describes large molecules breaking down into smaller ones?

Catabolism

Levels of organization: The cellular level consists of [BLANK].

Cells, basic units of life

[BLANK] cavity (endocranium) is formed by bones of the cranium

Cranial

True or False: The upper and lower limbs are apart of the axial region.

False: Appendicular region is the correct answer

True or False: Neurophysiology focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system

False: Pathophysiology (Patho = Disease) is the correct answer

True or False: The trunk is apart of Appendicular region.

False: The trunk is apart of the Axial region

True or False: Ventral means to refer to the back side.

False: Ventral (at the front, or belly side)

Organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased size and increased specialization as related to form and function. This is referred to as _________ and _________.

Growth and Development

[BLANK] is the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions.

Homeostasis

[BLANK] is a complex molecule that includes proteins and the deoxyriboncleic acid (DNA).

Macromolecule

The "control center" is generally the ________ or _________ systems.

Nervous; Endocrine

Name the cavities of the ventral aspect of the body.

Partitioned by thoracic diaphragm into • Superior thoracic cavity • Inferior abdominopelvic cavity

What is the anatomical term for behind the knee?

Popliteal

This type of medical imaging is used to view the function of the brain.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

_________________ is used both to analyze the metabolic state of a tissue at a given moment in time and to determine which tissues are most active.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence "The elbow is [BLANK] to the wrist"?

Proximal

____________ is the primary method of obtaining an image of a body part for diagnostic purposes.

Radiography

The component of homeostasis that is a sensory nerve body structure which detects changes in a variable is known as a(n) ______.

Receptor

[BLANK] anatomy examines the structures in a body region

Regional

Cell [BLANK] is the ability to produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair

Reproduction

What does it mean if an organism is responsive?

Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli regulation.

___________ block reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in brain, thus prolonging its effects; help elevate mood of patients with depression

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

[BLANK] is a liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane, acts as a lubricant and reduces friction.

Serous fluid

Directional Terminology: The thoracic cavity is ___________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.

Superior

[BLANK] anatomy focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Surface

[BLANK] anatomy studies the anatomy of each body system

Systemic

Levels of organization - True or False: Organ system level occurs when 2 or more related organs work together.

True

True or False: Organisms assimilate materials from environment; grow and develop

True

Define homeostasis

ability to maintain body structure and function

The anatomical term for cheek is ______, whereas the anatomical term for chin is ______.

buccal, mental

The anatomical term for mouth is _____ cavity

oral, oris, buccal

The anatomical term for chest is ________.

pectoral, thoracic, thorax

The anatomical term for the diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs is ______.

perineal

Calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot.

plantar

What are the normal ranges for the homeostatic variables below? - Body Temperature ___ degrees Fahrenheit - Blood Glucose __ to 110 mg/dL - Blood pressure 90 to _____ to 80 mm Hg

- 98.6 - 80 - 120/60

What are the 3 components of the homeostatic system?

- Receptor - Control Center - Effector

Levels of organization: The chemical level consists of ________ , _________ , and ________.

Atoms , Molecules, Macromolecules

The head and neck are apart of the [BLANK] region.

Axial

Dorsal refers to __________, whereas plantar refers to the _________.

Dorsal: back of the hand or top of the foot Plantar: bottom of the foot

This system consists of glands and cells that secrete hormones, maintain homeostasis of blood composition, control the digestive processes, and control reproductive functions.

Endocrine

True or False: Systemic anatomy studies developmental changes from conception to birth

False: Embryology anatomy is the correct answer

What is the purpose of serous fluid?

Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane Acts as lubricant Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune response.

Lymphatic

What is the significant difference between the posterior aspect and ventral cavity?

The posterior aspect is completely encased in bone (cranial and vertebral) The ventral cavity does not completely encase in bone and its subdivisions are lined with serous membranes

Which body cavity is associated with the lungs?

Thoracic Cavity

The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word anatome which means ________ or ________.

To cut or dissect

Check all that apply to homeostatic imbalances. A) They may be caused by aging. B) They often lead to disease. C) Negative and/or positive feedback processes are not functioning properly. D) Medication that targets an imbalance in one organ may alter homeostasis in other organs.

all apply

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as ______.

positive feedback

Levels of organization: The tissue level consists of [BLANK], similar cells performing common functions.

tissues

When 2 or more atoms are joined together chemically, what is created?

A Molecule

[Blank] is a type of invasive imaging to primarily view blood vessels.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

The central point that is used when the abdomen is divided into four quadrants is the ____.

umbilicus or naval

Vertebral is to spinal column as olecranal is to ______.

Elbow

This organ system provides protection, prevents water loss/gain, regulates body temperature and houses sensory receptors.

Integumentary

_______________ was developed as a noninvasive technique to visualize soft tissues.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

How might knowledge of surface anatomy be important for a healthcare worker during a CPR emergency?

To locate important landmarks or proper body regions will allow the healthcare worker to safely preform CPR

Levels of organization - True or False: Organismal level occurs when organ systems function together

True

Levels of organization - True or False: The organ level consists of 2 or more organs working together.

True

True or False: Comparative anatomy examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species

True

True or False: Respiratory physiology explores functioning of respiratory organs

True

What is the process of the Scientific Method in sequential order?

1. Examine events through observation 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Experiment and test the hypothesis by collections data 4. Determine if the data supports the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified.

Which of the following body structures are good examples of effectors? Check All That Apply A) Smooth muscle of bronchioles in lungs B) Brain and spinal cord C) Sensory neurons of the skin D) Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas

A & D

Multiple Choice: The abdominal cavity contains what organs / structures? A) most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters B) the distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs C) heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart D) none of the above

A) most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters

Multiple Choice: The mediastinum contains what organs / structures? A) The kidneys, bladder, liver, large and small intestines B) The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart C) The brain D) None of the above

B) The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Multiple Choice: The pelvic cavity contains what organs / structures? A) heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart B) the distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs C) most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters D) none of the above

B) the distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

This organ system removes waste products, distributes hormones, nutrients and gases.

Cardiovascular

Which field of physiology examines how the heart, blood vessels, and blood function?

Cardiovascular

This is a type of imaging produces continuous thin slices that can be reconstructed into a three dimensional image of the body. Primarily useful for identifying tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones and other abnormalities.

Computed Tomography (CT) (CAT)

What type of plane would separate the front and back of the body into anterior and posterior structures?

Coronal

Name the cavities of the posterior aspect of the body.

Cranial cavity (endocranium) is formed by bones of the cranium • Houses the brain Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column • Houses the spinal cord

Consists of glands this process involves in specialized cells changing into cells with a specialized function

Differentiation

True or False: Radiographic anatomy examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

False: Pathologic Anatomy is the correct answer

Give an example to organism responsiveness.

Heat and Cold Regulation such as sweating or shivering. Ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes.

[BLANK] is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body.

Metabolism

[BLANK] examines structures that cannot be observed by thee unaided eye, whereas [BLANK] investigates structures visible to the unaided eye

Microscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy

This system produces body movement, generates heat and muscle contraction.

Muscular

Neurophysiology studies the functions of the _________ and __________

Nerves and Nervous System Organs

This is a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands.

Nervous System

What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane?

Parietal Layer - lines internal surface of body wall Visceral layer - covers external surface of organs (viscera)

Name the 2 serous membrane layers of the Pleura (lungs).

Parietal pleura - Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall Visceral pleura - Inner layer covers external surface of lungs

What profession examines the function of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level?

Physiologist

[BLANK] examines how the body functions

Physiology

Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and air in the lungs

Respiratory

This system provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments.

Skeletal

True or False: Form follows Function (anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function)

True

True or False: Radiographic anatomy investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures such as radiography, ultrasound, and MRI

True

True or False: Reproductive physiology investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

True

This type of medical imaging produces high-frequency sound waves and then receives signals that are reflected from the internal organs.

Ultrasound

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

Urinary System

Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the [BLANK] column

Vertebral