Chapter 1- What Is Programming?

LISP

(1958) Designed to help develop artificial intelligence.

COBOL

(1959) Common Business Oriented Language.

FORTRAN vs COLBOL

(1960) Fortran wanted computers for number crunching and Cobol wanted computers that were suited for record handling.

BASIC

(1964) Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

PL/I

(1964) Programming language 1.

PASCAL

(1969) Language specifically created for the purpose of teaching programming. !983- College Board adopted Pascal as the first official language for the AP Computer Science Exam.

C

(1972) Basic Combined Programming Language.

C++

(1983) As computer programs grew more complex a new, more powerful, and more reliable type of programming was needed. This lead to the development of Object Oriented Programming. In 1997 C++ replaced Pascal as the official language for the AP Exam.

Java

(1995) Java is a Platform Independent Language. It was released by Sun Microsystems. Platform Independence means that the language does not cause problems as programs are transported between different hardware and software platforms.

Lego Mindstorm NXT

(2006) New kind of programming has come about that is very high-level. Click on different blocks and performs different tasks.

FORTRAN

1957) The first successful high-level programming language.

What is a peer-to-peer network?

A networks where every computer on it is equal.

What is a programmer?

A person who writes a program for a computer.

What does "Platform Independence" mean?

A program created on one computer will work and have the exact same output on any computer.

What is a server?

A specialty computer that is connected to the LAN for one or more purposes.

Grace Hopper's immeasurable contributions to computer science have earned her the nickname "_______________ _______________".

Amazing Grace

LISP is known for being one of the languages specifically designed to help develop _______ _______.

Artificial Intelligence

In 1969, a slimmed down version of BCPL was released. It was simply called B. In 1972, an improved version of B was released. What was that language called?

B 2.0

COBOL was designed for which group of people?

Business Community

Medium-Level Languages

C and C++ are sometimes considered to be medium-level languages.

In 1983, Bjarne Stroustrup created a new language by combining C with OOP. What was that language called?

C++

The Internet came about during what period in our history?

Cold War.

Machine Code

Directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language.

What computer first introduced Assembly Language?

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

What was the first successful programming language?

FORTRAN

PL/I was created by combining all of the features of which 2 languages?

FORTRAN and COBOL

Assembly Language

First introduced by the British with the EDSAC. EDSAC had an assembler called Initial Orders which used single-letter mnemonic symbols to represent different series of bits.

Who is credited with making the term debugging popular and also wrote the first compiler?

Grace Hopper

Who was the primary designer of COBOL?

Grace Hopper

What is the major difference between Java and C++?

In Java use must use OOP.

Refer to your answer to the previous question. What was the name of the assembler in that computer?

Initial Orders

What does ISP stand for?

Internet Service Provider.

Normally, businesses and schools have a series of LANs that all connect into a large network called what?

Intranet

Why did a number of college professors did not like BASIC?

It didn't teach proper programming structure.

How is Pascal different from PL/I?

It is a lean language.

The intention was that PL/I would be "everything for everyone". The reality was this language was not popular. Explain why.

It was found to be too complex and overwhelming to learn.

What is the first Platform Independent language?

Java

Grace Hopper

Known as "Amazing Grace". Wrote the first compiler in 1952 for the language A-0.

Describe a High-Level Language.

Language that uses English words as instructions.

Low-Level Languages

Languages that function at, or very close 1s and 0s. Powerful, but very difficult.

High Level Languages

Languages that use English-like words as instructions.

Very High Level Languages

Languages that use clickable pictures as instructions.

What does LAN stand for?

Local Area Networks.

What is another word for Machine Language?

Machine Code

List 2 Low-Level Languages.

Machine Language and Assembly Language

What was required to simply enter numbers into the Mark-I calculator?

Manipulating its 1,440 switches.

FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people?

Mathematicians, scientists, and engineers.

What does programming in Machine Language mean?

Means you are directly manipulating the 1s and 0s of the computer's binary language.

In 1998, the Lego Corporation created their first point-and-click language for use with their Lego Mindstorms robots. In 2006, they released their next language. What was that language called?

NXT.

Were early personal computers networked?

No.

What does OOP stand for?

Object Oriented Programming

The first practical networks for personal computers were called what?

Peer-to-peer networks.

Programmer

Person who writes a program for a computer.

Traditionally, the introductory courses in computer science focus on _______________.

Programming

What was required to program the ENIAC?

Rewiring the machine.

What is Sneaker Net?

Running around to share computer information.

Program

Sequence of instructions that makes a computer perform a desired task.

What is a program?

Sequence of instructions, which enables a computer to perform a desired task.

Wireless connections are convenient, but there are some problems. List 2 of them

Signals could be weak and security issues.

Why did Tom Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC?

Simple language would allow non-math and non-science majors the ability to use computers.

After IBM standardized hardware with _____________, they set out to standardize software as well by creating _____________.

System/360, PL/I (Programming Language 1)

Niklaus Wirth created the language Pascal specifically for the purpose of ____________ ___________.

Teaching programming.

Where in the Internet is the central location where all the control computers are located?

There is no central location.

Describe a Very-High-Level Language.

They don't even use words. They use pictures.

Refer to your answer to the previous question. Why are these languages considered "low-level?"

They function at, or very close to , the level of 1s and 0s.

Explain why the use of BASIC become widespread when personal computers came out in 1976.

Those computers couldn't handle languages like FORTRAN and COBOL.

Translators

Translates a high-level language into low-level machine code.

What does a computer translator do?

Translates high-level language into low-level machine code.

How does an interpreter translate?

Translates one program statement at a time during execution.

Interpreter

Translates one program statement at a time during execution.

Compiler

Translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

How does a compiler translate?

Translates the entire program into an executable file before execution.

What was BCPL originally intended for?

Writing compilers.