chapter 10

30) An important second messenger in hormonal action is A) cAMP. B) calcitriol. C) insulin. D) calcium. E) glucagon.

a

49) The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone A) oxytocin. B) renin. C) ADH. D) melatonin. E) calcitonin.

a

57) Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) parathyroid glands. D) hypothalamus. E) anterior pituitary.

a

19) The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) A) pancreas. B) kidneys. C) adipose tissue. D) hypothalamus. E) anterior pituitary.

c

75) The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is A) melanin. B) thyroxine. C) melatonin. D) corticosteroid. E) aldosterone.

c

76) Melatonin is the hormone produced by the A) anterior pituitary. B) thyroid. C) pineal gland. D) thymus. E) posterior pituitary.

c

26) All hormones are A) steroids. B) cholesterol based. C) proteins. D) inorganic compounds. E) chemical messengers.

e

1) Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called A) exocrine cells. B) first messengers. C) target cells. D) second messengers. E) G-proteins.

c

69) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) ADH. C) corticosteroids. D) parathyroid hormone. E) insulin

c

31) Cyclic AMP often causes activation of A) calcium ion channels. B) myosin kinase. C) phosphodiesterase. D) kinase enzymes. E) steroids.

d

58) Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities? A) anterior pituitary B) pancreas C) thymus D) thyroid E) posterior pituitary

d

72) The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) epinephrine. D) mineralocorticoids. E) steroids.

d

29) Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by A) positive feedback. B) the quantity of circulating hormone. C) negative feedback. D) cellular demands. E) body temperature.

c

42) Another name for antidiuretic hormone is A) cortisol. B) parathyroid hormone. C) thymosin. D) growth hormone. E) vasopressin.

e

3) The endocrine system A) releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. B) is regulated mainly by positive feedback. C) produces effects that last for seconds or minutes. D) is not involved in homeostasis. E) relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

e

54) Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true? A) GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood. B) Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins. C) Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH. D) GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid. E) In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.

a

48) The hormone oxytocin A) reduces uterine contractions. B) is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex. C) regulates blood pressure. D) governs the ovarian cycle. E) stimulates melanocytes in the skin.

b

65) The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

d

21) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) are structurally similar to cholesterol. C) are the largest class of hormones. D) include pancreatic hormones. E) are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

b

52) This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) pituitary dwarfism D) exophthalmos E) gigantism

b

38) Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the A) thymus gland. B) suprarenal gland. C) anterior pituitary. D) posterior pituitary. E) testes.

c

44) Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are A) GH and TSH. B) FSH and LH. C) ADH and ACTH. D) PRL and OT. E) ADH and OT.

b

55) Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect? A) pituitary gland B) suprarenal gland C) parathyroid gland D) thyroid gland E) thymus

d

59) Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ________ for production. A) iron B) carbon C) phosphorus D) iodine E) fluorine

d

50) The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) MSH. D) LH. E) GH.

e

70) One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is A) insulin. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) androgen. E) epinephrine.

e

36) Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)? A) growth hormone B) follicle-stimulating hormone C) prolactin D) insulin E) thyroxine

b

74) Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) renin

d

60) Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to A) weight loss. B) weight gain. C) diabetes. D) slow heartbeat. E) excess pigmentation of the skin.

a

62) The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroid hormone. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

a

47) Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the A) infundibulum. B) hypophyseal portal system. C) hypothalamic axons. D) hypophysis. E) thymus.

b

68) Which statement is true about the adrenal glands? A) The adrenal cortex regulates the adrenal medulla. B) The hormones of the adrenal cortex rely on control by the autonomic nervous system. C) The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels. D) The adrenal androgen hormones are found only in males. E) The main hormone of the adrenal medulla is norepinephrine.

c

20) Peptide hormones are A) composed of chains of amino acids. B) released by the reproductive organs. C) derived from arachidonic acid. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

a

24) Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins? A) peptide hormones B) steroid hormones C) estrogen D) thyroid hormones E) cortisol

a

33) Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion? A) steroid hormones B) epinephrine and norepinephrine C) amino acid derivatives D) peptide hormones E) oxytocin

a

28) Steroid hormones A) bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. B) function by way of a second messenger system. C) cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. D) bind to intracellular receptors. E) function by activating cAMP.

d

37) The posterior pituitary gland stores A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). D) oxytocin (OT). E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

d

40) The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

d

46) Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) growth hormone (GH) D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

d

77) Which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)? A) insulin B) melanin C) calcitonin D) glucagon E) melatonin

e

39) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) MSH.

b

71) Aldosterone is the principal A) mineralocorticoid. B) thyroid hormone. C) glucocorticoid. D) pancreatic hormone. E) androgen.

a

2) The nervous system A) is ideal for crisis management. B) communicates mainly by the release of hormones. C) has effects that are very long-lived. D) is regulated mainly by positive feedback. E) does not rely on the binding of receptors to target cells

a

66) Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to form A) calcitriol. B) renin. C) ADH. D) triiodothyronine. E) calcitonin.

a

34) Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones? A) They are carbohydrates. B) They cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. C) They do not bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. D) They cannot change the nature or number of enzymes in the cytoplasm. E) They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription.

e

53) Which statement is true about the pituitary? A) The anterior pituitary controls the posterior pituitary. B) The alternate name for the pituitary is the infundibulum. C) The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary only. D) The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells. E) The pituitary glands, both anterior and posterior, control every other endocrine gland.

d

56) Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid A) lysine. B) leucine. C) glycine. D) tyrosine. E) thyronine.

d

63) The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by A) thyroid hormone. B) TSH. C) the hypothalamus. D) blood calcium ion levels. E) cellular oxygen consumption.

d

64) The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are A) bone. B) kidney. C) digestive system. D) kidneys, bone, and digestive system. E) none of these.

d

18) In the simples`t case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli. A) hormonal B) cellular C) neural D) membrane E) humoral

e

23) Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called A) permissive hormones. B) synergistic hormones. C) regulating hormones. D) stimulating hormones. E) releasing hormones.

e

32) The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of A) neural axons, directly. B) direct mechanical control. C) releasing and inhibiting hormones. D) altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary. E) gap junctions.

a

41) Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults? A) MSH B) TSH C) ACTH D) LH E) PRL

a

22) Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative? A) ADH B) melatonin C) oxytocin D) growth hormone E) prolactin

b

35) Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary. A) brain stem B) hypothalamus C) cerebellum D) thyroid E) thalamus

b

4) Generally, the actions of hormones A) tend to be less widespread than actions of the nervous system. B) can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes. C) are faster to react than the nervous system. D) are shorter-lasting than the actions of the nervous system. E) do not affect homeostasis.

b

67) Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem? A) No, the synthetic thyroid hormone will also control the calcium. B) Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident. C) No, hormones from the liver and kidneys will regulate calcium through the intestinal tract. D) Yes, without the calcitonin, high blood levels of calcium will cause convulsions. E) Yes, without the calcitonin she may suffer heart failure.

b

73) One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is A) thymosin. B) cortisol. C) aldosterone. D) epinephrine. E) gonadotropin.

b

27) When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) the plasma membrane becomes depolarized. C) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) the cell becomes inactive. E) the hormone is transported to the nucleus, where it alters the activity of the DNA.

c

43) Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made? A) thyroid B) anterior pituitary C) hypothalamus D) posterior pituitary E) suprarenal gland

c

45) Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as A) polyphagia. B) polydipsia. C) polyuria. D) polymyositis. E) diabetes mellitus.

c

51) Diabetes insipidus can be caused by A) decreased levels of insulin. B) decreased numbers of insulin receptors. C) failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. D) increased numbers of ADH receptors. E) increased levels of ADH.

c

61) Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) aldosterone E) cortisol

c

25) The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus.

d