chapter 10

What is equity theory?

The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.

What are self-actualization needs?

The need to develop to one's fullest potential.

What is expectancy Theory?

Theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome.

Victor Vroom

Who is the father of expectancy theory?

Frederick Taylor

Who is the father of scientific management?

Elton Mayo

Who is the father of the Hawthorne Studies?

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs.

What is principle of motion economy?

Theory that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions.

What is reinforcement theory?

Theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways.

What are physiological needs?

Basic needs like food, water, shelter.

What is engagement?

Describes employees' level of motivation, passion, and commitment.

What are soft costs?

Loss of intellectual capital and decreased moral among remaining workers.

Who is the father of scientific management?

Frederick Taylor

What is negative reinforcement?

Includes reprimands, reduced pay, and layoff or firing.

What is positive reinforcement?

Rewards like praises, recognition, pay raises.

What are extrinsic rewards?

Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions.

What are time motion studies?

Studies of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task.

What is scientific management?

Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques.

What is management by objectives (MBO)?

System of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees.

What is extinction?

Trying to stop undesirable behavior by ignoring it.

-Maslow believed motivation arises from needs -People are motivated to satisfy unmet needs -When one need is satisfied, person is motivated to do something to satisfy a higher-level need.

What are some things to know about Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?

-It viewed people as machines that needed to be properly programmed. -Little concern for the psychological or human aspects of work -emphasis on conformity to work rules rather than creativity, flexibility, and responsiveness -Had three elements- Time, methods, and rules of work.

What are some things to know about scientific management?

-Conducted in Illinois -13 experiments were conducted to see if other factors, like temperature and humidity, contributed to increased production. -Mayo guessed human/psychological factors caused increases in productivity -Money was an ineffective motivator Results encouraged researches to study human motivation and managerial styles that lead to productivity

What are some things to know about the Hawthorne Studies?

Time Methods Rules of Work

What are the three elements of scientific management?

To determine the best lighting for optimum productivity.

What is the purpose of the Hawthorne Studies?

What is the Hawthorn Effect?

The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied.

What are hygiene factors?

Job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.

What are motivators?

Job factors that cause employees to be productive and give them satisfaction.

what is goal-setting theory?

The idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions.

What are esteem needs?

The need for recognition and acknowledgment from others, as well as self-respect and a sense of status or importance.

What are social needs?

The need to eel loved, accepted, and part of the group.

What are safety needs?

The need to feel secure at work and at home.

What are intrinsic rewards?

The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.

Abraham Maslow

Who is the father of Maslow's Hierachy of needs?

Douglas McGregor

Who is the father of theory x and theory y?