Chapter 10

a researcher randomly assigns participants to taste and rate their liking for a favorite drink mix that is with a high-calorie or zero calorie sweetener the ____________ is the control group and the ____________is the experimental group in this example

Zero calorie group: high calorie group

Self-report measure

a type of measurement in which participants are asked to respond to one or more questions or statements to indicate their actual or perceived experiences attitudes or options is called

A researcher measures locomotor activity among rats placed in a cage with high or low lighting what type of manipulation was used in the study

A natural manipulation

The manipulation of a stimulus that can be naturally change to with little effort is called

A natural manipulation

Which of the following is an example of an experimental manipulation for the level of phone use among participants

A researcher has participants talk to a Confederate who interviews them over the phone for either 5 or 20 minutes

A researcher places participants in a casino setting with a partner a Confederate who either acts as if she is an expert or a novice at gamblingthe amount of money participants spend in the gambling setting with their partner is recorded what type of manipulation was used in the study

A stage manipulation

The goal and experimentation is to minimize the possibility that __________ cause differences between groups

Individual differences in something other than the manipulation

A key advantage of random assignment is that it makes _________about the same in each group

Individual differences of participants

An advantage of using a between subjects experimental design is

It allows for the researcher to non randomly assigned participants to groups

The levels of an independent variable are _________ using a between subjects experimental design

Manipulated

Two types of experimental manipulations used in an experiment are

Natural and staged

The one way an OVA is used to analyze mean differences between two or more levels of

One factor

The statistical comparison for the difference between two group means is called

Pairwise comparison

A researcher randomly assigns participants read a passage in a book with or without highlighting in the passage differences and comprehension or compared between groups the ________is the experimental group and the ____________is the control group in this example

Passage with highlighting group passage without highlighting group

A type of measurement in which researchers record physical responses of the brain or body is called a

Physiological measure

An inert substance surgery or therapy that resembles a real treatment but has no go effect is called a

Placebo

Evaluate all possible pairwise comparisons for an anova with any number of group

Posthoc test

A condition in an experiment in which participants are treated the same as participants in a treatment group except for the manipulation believed to cause a change in the dependent variable is omitted is called

A control group

a researcher administers an experimental drug orally to participants in an experimental group which of the following is an appropriate control group

A group that receives a placebo drug orally

a condition in an experiment in which participants are treated or exposed to a manipulation or level of the independent variable that is believed to cause a change in the dependent variable is called

An experimental group

the indication of an independent variable in the creation of two or more groups that constitute the levels of that variable is called

An experimental manipulation

A sample that is selected in which different participants are observed in each of two groups is called

An independent sample

a sample of college students are selected and randomly assigned to complete a difficult or an easy could native task what type of sample was described

An independent sample

what type of sample is selected when we select one sample from the same population and randomly assigned participants in the same or to two or more groups

An independent sample

For an experiment is significant one way between subjects anova informs us only that___________ group is different from another group

At least one

A type of measurement in which researchers directly observe and record the behavior of subjects or participants is called

Behavioral measure

A research design in which different participants are observed one time in each group of a research study is called

Between subjects design

A type of factor in which different participants are observed in each group or at each level of the factor is called

Between subjects factor

a researcher conducts a between subjects experimental research design and measures a mean difference in the dependent measure between two groups how can I reset or test if the main difference observed in this example is due to individual differences or due to the manipulation made by the researcher

Compute a two independent sample t test

When most scores in each group of an experiment do overlap then all of the following are true except

Group differences become a likely explanation for an observed difference between groups

a researcher conducts a clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of a behavioral strategy used to reduce overall Caloric intake because men consume many more calories than women because women are more likely to diet than men the researcher decides to only include women in the clinical trial what type of restricted random assignment was used in this example

Control by holding constant

a type of restricted random assignment in which we limit which participants are included in a sample based on characteristics they exhibit that may otherwise differ between groups in a study is called

Control by holding constant

a type of restricted random assignment in which we assess or measure the characteristic we want to control group or categorize participants based on scores on that measure and then use a grand and procedure to assign participants from each category to a group in the study is called

Control by matching

Two types of restricted random assignment are

Control by matching in control by holding constant

in Newburgh measure of the variability in scores that can be attributed to or is caused by the individual differences of participants in each group is called

Error variance

a researcher conducts two experiments in experiment 1 he manipulates weather participants receive a small medium or large reward for each item we called it an assessment an experiment to he manipulates weather participants receive a small medium or large punishment for each item not recalled in an assignment the main difference between groups is the same in each experiment. But experiment 2 is associated with greater error variance in which experiment is the researcher more likely to conclude that the main difference is caused by individual differences

Experiment 2

A researcher conducts two experiments in experiment onehe manipulates whether participants attend a small medium or large private event.in an experiment to he manipulates weather participants attend a small medium or large public event. The mean difference between groups is the same in each experiment but experiment 2 is associated with greater error variance in which experiment is the researcher more likely to conclude that the mean difference is caused by the manipulation

Experiment one

A test statistic is used to determine whether manipulation or__________ is causing or associated with differences between two or more groups all of the following are true except

Factors attributed to group differences

What are the three requirements for a between subjects design to be an experimental research design

Randomization manipulation and comparison

Which of the following is not a type of measure for a dependent variable

Randomize measures

Two researchers studying the effects of cellphone use on attention researcher one randomly assigned participants to watch a short video clip while holding a cell phone that was turned off or while talking on a cell phone with a Confederate researcher to groups participants based on whether they reported high or low cell phone use then had participants complete inattention demanding task which researcher use a type of sampling that is commonly used in experiments

Researcher one

two researchers investigated studying behavior among college students researcher one has the same participants study with a partner and then without a partner researcher to head participants study with a partner and a different group of participants study without a partner which researcher selected an independent sample

Researcher to

The less that scores overlap between groups the___________ the error variance

Smaller

the manipulation of an independent variable that requires the participant to be set up to experience some stimulus or event is called

Staged manipulation

a researcher creates two groups in one group children played with a toy that made noise in a second group that children played with a same toy but it did not make noise a time spent playing with each toy was accorded the control group in this example is

The group in which the toy did not make noise

The denominator of the t statistic for a t test is

The mean variability due to error in the mean difference between groups

A disadvantage of using a between subjects experimental design is

The sample size required to conduct a between subjects design can be large

When different participants are assigned to each group of the ________ is used to analyze mean difference between two groups and the _________ is used to analyze the mean difference between two or more groups for data that are on an interval or ratio scale of measurement

Two independent sample t test: one way between subjects analysis of variance

How do researchers account for individual differences in an experiment statistically

by using a test statistic to determine the likelihood that something other than the manipulation that cause differences in a dependent measure between groups

Which of the following statements about random assignment is true

random assignment ensures that participants in there for the individual differences of participants are assigned to groups entirely by chance