Chapter 10!!

stand-alone principle

allows us to analyze each project in isolation from the firm simply by focusing on incremental cash flows

incremental cash flows for project evaluation consist of

any and all changes in the firms future cash flows that are a direct consequence of taking the project

When analyzing a project, sunk costs ____ incremental cash outflows.

are not

With cost-cutting proposals, when costs decrease, operating cash flows ___.

increase

What are the common types of Cash flows?

1. Sunk Costs 2. Opportunity Costs 3. Change in net working capital 4. Financing Costs 5. Taxes

Investment in net working capital arises when ___.

1. cash is kept for unexpected expenditures 2. credit sales are made 3. inventory is purchased

Which of the following are fixed costs?

1. cost of equipment 2. rent on a production facility

According to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, bonus depreciation is phased out after

2026

According to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, bonus depreciation is phased out after _____.

2026

Ending book value

= initial cost - AD =net equipment in last year

should be accepted if there is no capital rationing constraint

A calculated NPV of $15,000 means that the project is expected to create a positive value for the firm and _____.

NWC=

CA-CL

Straight-line depreciation

D= (initial cost-ending book value)/number of years of useful life -depreciate same amount each year

benefits lost due to taking on a particular project

Opportunity costs are ____

Which of the following is an example of a sunk cost

Test marketing expenses

To calculate the OCF using the bottom-up approach, add ___ to net income.

depreciation

pro forma financial statements

financial statements projecting future years' operations, easy convenient means of summarizing much of the relevant information for a project

in analyzing a proposed investment we will not include interest paid or any other

financing costs such as dividends or principal repaid because we are interested in the cash flow generated by the assets of the project

operating cash flows the top down approach

sales - cost - taxes

The tax saving that results from the depreciation deduction is called the depreciation tax

shield

equivalent annual cost

the present value of a project's costs calculated on an annual basis

depreciation tax shield

the tax saving that results from the depreciation deduction, calculated as depreciation multiplied by the corporate tax rate

When developing cash flows for capital budgeting, it is easy to overlook important items.

true

After-tax salvage value

(salvage)-t*(salvage-book)

Balance sheet decreases...

...inflow

2. Opportunity Costs

1. Incremental Cash Flow 2. You forego something when you accept a project 3. Cost of Lost options

The bonus depreciation in 2019 was ___ percent.

100

Which of the following are considered relevant cash flows?

Cash flows from opportunity costs Cash flows from beneficial spillover effects Cash flows from erosion effects

why are there contra-assest accounts/accruals?

trying to convey useful info of economic activity to external users (owners and lenders). Record the sale even if you don't receive cash right away

Once cash flows have been estimated, which of the following investment criteria can be applied to them?

NPV payback period IRR

When evaluating cost-cutting proposals, how are operating cash flows affected?

-There is an additional depreciation deduction. -The decrease in costs increases operating income.

1. Sunk Costs -what are they? -Incremental

-costs that have accrued in the past, before the project is accepted -Marketing studies, drug companies paying for R&D -NOT incremental: you have to pay for them whether or not you accept the project -Sunk cost fallacy: "we spent all this money, we should do the project"

Mid-year convention

-if there is overlap, when you first buy machine you will only get half of the first tax year for tax purposes -if 7 year equipment , theres 8 rates -if 6 year equipment, theres 7 rates

5. Taxes

-if you don't do the project you won't have to pay taxes on it -#2 cost of a firm, can influence whether or not you do a project -**always use AFTER-TAX CASH FLOWS -INCREMENTAL CASH FLOW

Other things to watch out in investments:

-interested only in measuring cash flow -always interested in after tax cash flow because taxes are definitely cash outflow

Pro Forma Statements

-projected accounting statements capital budgeting relies on -use them as a road map for the future of your business project, usually generating them from GAAP -NOT required, generated to control and compare -best prediction of what the project will look like

Balance sheet increases...

...outflow

**If adding a new project changes CFs of existing operation...

...those side effects should be taken into account as INCREMENTAL CASH FLOWS

1. Revenue 2. to adjust:

1. =Δcash sales+ΔAR 2. OCF- ΔAR

3 methods for computing OCF:

1. Bottom-up approach 2. Top-down approach 3. Tax-Shield Approach

Operating cash flows

EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes

Taxes =

EBIT x tax rate

ΔNWC=

End NWC-Beginning NWC

The cash flows of a new project that come at the expense of a firm's existing projects is called ___.

erosion

With cost-cutting proposals, when costs decrease, operating cash flows

increase

Erosion will ______ the sales of existing products.

reduce

According to the _________ principle, once the incremental cash flows from a project have been identified, the project can be viewed as a "minifirm."

stand-alone

Depreciation tax shield=

D*t D=depreciation expense t=marginal tax rate also equal to difference in NI with and without depreciation expense ***This is an inflow

Which of the following is an example of a sunk cost?

Test marketing expenses

project cash flow =

project operating cash flow - project change in networking capital - project capital spending

Erosion will ______ the sales of existing products

reduce

opportunity cost

the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

BV>SV

you get a tax refund

Incremental Cash flows

-those that change if and only if you do the project -the cash flows that should be included in a capital budgeting analysis are those that only occur if the project is accepted

2. Top-down approach

-top item on an income statement is sales -**equation: NOT using financial accounting standards, but what you will have to take in taxes **only works when theres no interest expense OCF=Sales-costs-taxes

OCF Top down (OCF=S-C-T) Sales and costs on IS reflect changes in sales and costs....

...from beginning to end of a period

cash flow

cash inflow - cash outflow or operating cash flow - change in NWC

opportunity cost

the most valuable alternative that is given up if a particular investment is undertaken.

Will this cash flow occur only if we accept the project?

Yes: it should be included in the analysis because its incremental No: it should not be included in the analysis because it will occur anyway Part of it: include that part that occurs because of the project

The first step in estimating cash flow is to determine the _________ cash flows.

relevant

The ___ curse says that the lowest bidder is the one who underbid the most.

winners

sunk cost

a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be removed and therefore should not be considered in an investment decision.

When developing cash flows for capital budgeting, it is _____ to overlook important items.

easy

Korporate Classics Corporation (KCC) won a bid to supply widgets to Pacer Corporation but lost money on the deal because they underbid the project. KCC fell victim to the _____.

winner's curse

BV<SV

you have to pay tax on it -settling up -over depreciated

When a firm finances new investments, it may set up accounts payable with suppliers, but the balance that the firm must supply is called the investment in net ___ capital.

working

Operating cash flow =

earnings before interest and taxes + depreciation - taxes

When analyzing a proposed investment, we ___ include interest paid or any other financing costs.

won't

As depreciation expense __________, net income and taxes will decrease, while cash flows will __________

-increases -increase

common current liabilities

-payables

operating cash flows the tax shield approach

(sales - cost) * ( 1 - tax rate) + Depreciation * tax rate

Which of the following are considered relevant cash flows?

-Cash flows from opportunity costs -Cash flows from erosion effects -Cash flows from beneficial spillover effects

Identify the three main sources of cash flows over the life of a typical project.

-Cash outflows from investment in plant and equipment at the inception of the project -Net cash flows from sales and expenses over the life of the project. -Net cash flows from salvage value at the end of the project

Once cash flows have been estimated, which of the following investment criteria can be applied to them?

-IRR -payback period -NPV

Side effects from investing in a project refer to cash flows from

beneficial spillover effects erosion effects

Side effects from investing in a project refer to cash flows from _____.

beneficial spillover effects erosion effects

Opportunity costs are

benefits lost due to taking on a particular project

Positive Side effects (externalities)

benefits to other projects -Running an apple orchard and buying bee hives...you will get more $$ from apple bus bc there are more bees around to pollinate -Network effects: more attractive the more people there are on a social media. -Apple watch: makes other products more attractive because they can be used conveniently together

A sunk cost is an example of a relevant incremental cash flow.

False

Opportunity costs can be ignored when determining the financial feasibility of a project.

False

When an asset is sold, there will be a tax savings if the _____ value exceeds the sales price

book

OCF is calculated as net income plus depreciation using the _____ approach.

bottom-up

to prepare pro forma financial statements we need:

estimates of quantities such as unit sales, the selling price per unit, the variable cost per unit, and total fixed cost

when is there a tax effect?

if the salvage value is different from the book value of that asset

If the tax rate increases, the value of the depreciation tax shield will ______.

increase

The bonus depreciation in 2019 was _____ percent.

100

The rules for depreciating assets for tax purposes are based upon provisions in the ___.

1986 Tax Reform Act

3. Tax Shield Approach

**most useful on exam and in real life OCF= (after tax profit) (depreciation tax shield) OCF= (Sales-costs)(1-t)+ (Depreciation *t) **only works when theres no interest expense -useful with MACRS (modified accelerated cost recovery system)

Negative Side effects -what is it -cannibalization/erosion

-Costs to other projects (how much will be lost because of this?) -introducing pom oatmeal will cut into sales of existing flavors. the lost revenue from reduced sales of raisin oatmeal should be included as an incremental CF -Introducing a new flavor could just transfer sales, not increase them. But sometimes necessary to keep up with competitors

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between book value, sales price, and taxes are true when a firm sells a fixed asset?

-Taxes are based on the difference between the book value and the sales price. -There will be a tax savings if the book value exceeds the sales price. -Book value represents the purchase price minus the accumulated depreciation.

Depreciation

-a non cash expense, but it affects taxes which are a CF -matching things up over time -an ALLOCATION principle for tangible assets -shows up in income statement as depreciation expense, deduct it before calculating taxes so you save tax money -only care about it as far as it affects taxes

2. Changes in NWC

-cash flows associated with cash on hand to smooth the current accounts -Source: **balance sheet** (current assets, current liabilities) -money you put in that you get back out at the end -will be near 0 over the course of the project -account usually comes at the beginning and end of the project

common current assets

-cash receivables -inventory

ATSV=

=NCS in last period **INFLOW

ATSV= or net flow or Money you get to keep

=Selling price - (tax consequence) =Salvage- t*(salvage - book value)

why do we consider changes in NWC separately?

Accruals -Sales recorded on the IS when made, not when cash received -record COGS when sales are made, not when cash is paid to suppliers -we have to buy inventory to support sales although the cash from selling it comes later put cash in to smooth over current accounts for these reasons --> incremental cash flow

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between depreciation, income, taxes, and investment cash flows?

As depreciation expense increases, net income and taxes will decrease, while cash flows will increase

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between depreciation, income, taxes, and investment cash flows?

As depreciation expense increases, net income and taxes will decrease, while cash flows will increase.

3. Changes in net working capital -definition -laplante definition

Change in current assets - change in current liabilities -cash you put into a business to "smooth over" current accounts payable, or else you would go out of business -cash used to pay expenses until receivables are collected and sales are made -Usually cash OUTFLOW at beginning of project, and cash INFLOW as the project ends (inflow bc money no longer needed to smooth over current accounts -INCREMENTAL CF!

___ cash flows come about as a direct consequence of taking a project under consideration.

Incremental

While making capital budgeting decisions, which of the following sentence is true regarding the initial investment of net working capital?

It is expected to be recovered by the end of the project's life.

NCS at time 0

Long term assets Usually under "net equipment" subtract accumulated depreciation from equipment each year to get net equipment only have to subtract at one point in time usually (when it occurs)...OUTFLOW AT TIME 0

Combine above 2 adjustments:

OCF - ΔAR +ΔAP --> OCF-(ΔAR-ΔAP) -->OCF-ΔNWC ****** this is the adjustment for accruals

Which one of the following is the equation for estimating operating cash flows using the tax shield approach?

OCF = (Sales - Costs) × (1 - Tax rate) + Depreciation × Tax rate

What is the equation for estimating operating cash flows using the top-down approach?

OCF = Sales - Costs - Taxes

**at each point in time for a project, CFFA=

OCF-ΔNWC-NCS OCF income statement -ΔNWC balance sheet -NCS balance sheet -------------- CFFA

Incremental cash flows come about as a(n) ________ consequence of taking a project under consideration.

direct

Which of the following is an example of an opportunity cost?

Rental income likely to be lost by using a vacant building for an upcoming project

EBIT

Sales - Costs - Depreciation

Which approach to estimating the operating cash flows uses the following equation? OCF = (Sales − Costs) × (1 − Tax rate) + Depreciation × Tax rate

Tax shield approach

Among the three main sources of cash flow, which source of cash flow is the most important and also the most difficult to forecast?

The operating cash flows from net sales over the life of the project

When evaluating cost-cutting proposals, how are operating cash flows affected?

There is an additional depreciation deduction. The decrease in costs increases operating income

True

True or false? Cash flows should always be considered on an aftertax basis.

skunk cost

a cost that has already been paid and cannot be recovered

Accelerated Cost Recovery System (ACRS)

a depreciation method under U.S. tax law allowing for the accelerated write-off of property under various classifications

When an asset is sold, there will be a tax savings if ___ the value exceeds the sales price.

book

Operating cash flow is a function of _____.

depreciation taxes earnings before interest and taxes

The ___ step is to determine whether cash flows are relevant.

first

A pro ___ financial statement projects future years' operations.

forma

Sunk costs are costs that ____.

have already occurred and are not affected by accepting or rejecting a project

Interest expenses incurred on debt financing are ______ when computing cash flows from a project.

ignored

As depreciation expense ___, net income and taxes will decrease, while cash flows will ___.

increase; increase

What is a relevant cash flow for a project?

is a change in the firm's overall future cash flow that comes about as a direct consequence of the decision to take the project

The computation of equivalent annual costs is useful when comparing projects with unequal

lives

The computation of equivalent annual costs is useful when comparing projects with unequal _____.

lives

pro formas do not include

long-term liabilities and owners equity

operating cash flow bottom up approach

net income + depreciation

Accounts receivable and accounts payable are not an issue with project cash flow estimation unless changes in ___ are overlooked.

net working capital

The difference between a firm's current assets and its current liabilities is known as the _____.

net working capital

any cash flow that exists regardless of whether or not a project is undertaken is

not relevant

what the stand-alone principle says is that

once we have determined the incremental cash flows from undertaking a project, we can view that project as a kind of minifirm with its own future revenues and costs its own assets and own cash flows

total cash flow =

operating cash flow - change in NWC - capital spending

Using your personal savings to invest in your business is considered to have an ___ ___ because you are giving up the use of these funds for other investments or uses, such as a vacation or paying off a debt.

opportunity; cost

If you are a profitable firm, OCF should be______

positive

To prepare _____ financial statements, we need estimates of quantities such as unit sales, the selling price per unit, the variable cost per unit, and total fixed costs.

pro forma

The accelerated cost ___ system is a depreciation method under U.S. tax law allowing for the accelerated write-off of property under various classifications.

recovery

Opportunity costs are classified as ______ costs in project analysis.

relevant

The tax saving that results from the depreciation deduction is called the depreciation tax ___.

shield

A calculated NPV of $15,000 means that the project is expected to create a positive value for the firm and _____

should be accepted if there is no capital rationing constraint

The ___ -alone principle is the assumption that evaluation of a project may be based on the project's incremental cash flows.

stand

stand-alone principle

the assumption that evaluation of a project may be based on the project's incremental cash flows

erosion

the cash flows of a new project that come at the expense of a firm's existing projects.

erosion

the cash flows of a new project that come at the expense of a firms existing projects, in this case cash flows from the new line should be adjusted downward to reflect lost profits on other lines

incremental cash flows

the difference between a firm's future cash flows with a project and those without the project

The computation of equivalent annual costs is useful when comparing projects with _____ lives.

unequal

consequence to stand-alone principle

will be evaluating the proposed project purely on its own merits, in isolation from any other activities or projects

Korporate Classics Corporation (KCC) won a bid to supply widgets to Pacer Corporation but lost money on the deal because they underbid the project. KCC fell victim to the

winner's curse

Net Capital spending (NPS)

-cash flows associated with the fixed assets of the project -large expenditures on plant and equipment infrequently Source: **balance sheet** -used for spending on big ticket items; machiner, etc -usually a massive outflow at first then nothing for a while

Side effects of opportunity costs

-changes in cash flows of your existing operation -adding a new project might change those cash flows

Investment in net working capital arises when

-credit sales are made -inventory is purchased -cash is kept for unexpected expenditures

straight line vs MACRS

-higher ATSV with MACRS, and TVM (depreciates quicker)

Identify the three main sources of cash flows over the life of a typical project.

Cash outflows from investment in plant and equipment at the inception of the project Net cash flows from sales and expenses over the life of the project. Net cash flows from salvage value at the end of the project

An increase in depreciation expense will ____ cash flows from operations.

increase

1. Operating Cash Flow (OCF)

-regularly generated cash flows from the ongoing activities of the project -Source:** Income statements ** (wages, checks to suppliers, insurance, utilities, and resulting cash sales)

4. Financing costs

-should NOT be included in incremental CFs because they are associated with creditors and not assets -direct CFs associated with a project don't change due to how you finance it -Interest and dividends are FC so are NOT incremental CFs

Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA)

-the total net cash flow per period associated with a project -CFs used on timeline in chapter 9 -includes all incremental cash flows

1. Costs 2. to adjust:

1. =Δcash costs+ ΔAP 2.=OCF+ΔAP

CFFA has 3 components:

1. Operating Cash Flow 2. Changes in NWC 3. Net Capital Spending

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between book value, sales price, and taxes are true when a firm sells a fixed asset?

Taxes are based on the difference between the book value and the sales price. There will be a tax savings if the book value exceeds the sales price. Book value represents the purchase price minus the accumulated depreciation.

NCS in last year=

after-tax salvage value, divide by 1000, then added to CFFA

Cash flows should always be considered on a(n) ___ basis.

aftertax

1. Bottom-up approach

-simplest, easiest -bottom item on the income statement is net income -include depreciation because it impacts taxes -**only works when there is no interest expense OCF= NI + depreciation