Chapter 10 miladys disorders and diseases of the skin

Free radical activity

Inflammation

The immune system

It is activated when antigens (foreign invaders) are identified.

Estrogen from plants

It is called phytoestrogens they are about 200 to 400 times weaker than animal estrogens.

Sebum

Oil that protects the surface of the skin and it lubricates both the skin and hair.

Melanin is produced here?

Stratum germativrum

Bottom layer of epidermis

Stratum gramulativum

Keratin and intercellular lipids are formed here

Stratum granulosum

Type of glands that secrete oil

Subatious

The sebaceous glands

(Oil) connected to the hair follicles and produce oil, which protects the surface of the skin. Glandular sacs open into he follicles through ducts. These glands are larger on the face and sculp than on any other part of the body.

The Sudoriferous glands

(Sweat) glands. 2 types of sweat glands. Apocrine glands and eccrine glands.

How many layers is the skin comprised of?

2 main layer, epidermis and dermis

Average adult cell turnover rate is

28 days

What are the six primary functions of the skin?

Protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretions, and absorption (shapes)

What layers is the epidermis comprised of?

5 layers including...Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinatrivum.

The skin of an average adult weighs

7pounds (3kilograms) and averages an area of about 22 square feet (6.5 square meters) in size

Hair is comprised of what percentage of hard keratin?

90 percent

Rosacea

A chronic vascular disorder characterized by couperose veins and congestion of the skin. Acne rosacea includes papules and pustules.

barrier function

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the cornermen and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration.

Hydrolipidic

A film that is an oil-water balance that protects the skin from drying out and from exposure to external factors.

Ceramides (cell protection)

A group of waxy lipid molecules important to barrier function and water-holding capacity such as glycolipids.

epidermal Growth factor (EGF)

A hormone that stimulates skin cells to reproduce and heal.

Basic building material for body tissue

Proteins

Collagen

A protein substance of complex fibers that gives the skin its strength and is necessary for wound healing. Produced by fibroblasts, collagen makes up 70% of the dermis. Fibroblast cells produce proteins and aid in the production of collagen and elastin.

Doesn't maintain thermal regulation

Absorption

Lymph vessels

Remove waste products,bacteria, and excess water.

Transform into cells the skin needs

Stem cells

Also called subcutis tissue

Adipose tissue

Acid that stimulates cell-turnover

Alpha hydroxy acid (AhA)

The dermis

Also called the derma, corium cutis or true skin. Is the support layer of connective tissues below the epidermis.

Stratum corneum

Also known as "the horny layer" is the top, outermost layer of the epidermis. Estheticians are primarily concerned with this area.

Subcutis tissue

Also known as adipose tissue.

UVA rays

Also known as aging Rays.

Stratum germinativum

Also known as basal cell layer, located above the dermis. This layer is where cell division (mitosis) takes place. 5 to 10 percent of this layer contains melanocytes.

UVB rays

Also known as burning Rays.

Stratum granulosum

Also known as granular layer, it is composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids also takes place here.

Sebaceous glands

Also known as oil glands, are appendages attached to follicles that produce sebum.

Stratum spinosum

Also known as spiny layer is above the stratum germinativum. Cells continue to divide and change shape here, and enzymes are creating lipids and proteins.

Apocrine glands

Are coiled structures attached to the hair follicles found under the arms and in the genital area.

Eccrine glands

Are found all over the body, primarily on the forehead, palms, and soles.

Phospholipids,glycolipid,cholesterol,triglycerides,squalene

Are lipids

What reaction is thought to warm the skin by the air pockets that are created under hairs that stand up when the muscle contracts?

Arrector pili muscles

nicotine in tobacco

Causes contraction and weakening of the blood vessels and small capillaries that supply blood to the tissue, causing decreased circulation.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer (stratum germativum)

Fibroblasts

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins

Free radical damage

Chemically active atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. Red and inflamed skin is another indication of free radical damage.

What gives skin its strength?

Collagen

Papillary layer

Connects the dermis to the epidermis, forming the epidermal/dermal junction.

Nicotine effect

Contraction of the blood vessels

Elastin and collagen is not

Easily duplicated

Stimulates melanin production

Exposure to sunlight

Aids I the production of collagen and elastin

Fibroblast

Unpaired electrons

Free radicals

Hair anatomy

Hair is an appendage of the skin-it is slender,threadlike outgrowth of the skin and sculp. The hair contains 90% hard keratin.

Appendages of the skin

Hair,nail,sweat, oil glands

The skin is amazing it can..

Heal itself

physiology

Includes the function, layers, and anatomy of the skin

Protect cells from dehydration

Lipid

Intercellular matrix

Lipid substances between cornermen cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation.

Removes toxins and cellular wAste

Lymph

Keratinocytes

Make up 95percent of the epidermis and are continually shed from the skin in a process called desquamation

Pig ant granules in the Basel layer are formed by which cells?

Melanocytes

each square in of skin includes (2.5 square cm)

Millions of cells, 8 feet of blood vessels, 32feet of nerves, 650 sweat glands, 100 oil glands, 65hairs, 1300 nerve endings, 155 pressure receptors, 12cold heat receptors.

A nerve that stimulates the arrector pili muscle

Motor nerve

Acid mantle

Part of the skins natural barrier function. Made up of sebum,lipids,sweat, and water

The largest organ in the body

Skin (integumentary system)

Define structure and study of the skin

Skin histology

Arrector pili muscles

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicles that cause "goose bumps" and papillae

What greatly influences the aging process?

Smoking,drinking,drugs and poor dietary choices

Gland that excrete perspiration and detoxify the body

Suderpherous gland

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands

estheticians who specialize in health and beauty. Sometimes referred to as

Technicians,skin therapists,or specialists

Telangiectasia

The dilation of the capillary walls. Also known as couperose

Cell turnover

The average adult cell turnover rate is every 28 days depending on a persons age, lifestyle, and health. The turnover rate slows down with age.

Glycation

The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures known as advanced glycation end products.

The reticular layer

The deeper and denser layer of the dermis, is comprised mainly of collagen and elastin. Collagen and elastin are broken down by UV damage and other factors.

Tyrosinase

The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin.

Elastin

The fibrous proteins that forms elastic tissue and gives skin its elasticity.

Nail anatomy

The nail, an appendage of the skin, is a hard translucent plate that protects fingers and toes. Onyx is the technical term for the nail. Nails grow approximately 1/10 of an inch (3.7millimeters) per month.

Pores

The openings for sweat glands. The worn pore is used as a lay word for follicles since both are openings at the top of the epidermis.

Melanosomes

The pigment carrying granules.

Histology

The science of the skin

Types of melanin

There are 2 types of melanin that the body produces phenomelanin (red/yellow) in color and eumelanin (dark brown/black).

Stratum lucidum

Thin clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum. Small cells that let light go through.

Subcutaneous tissue

This is below the reticular layer. It is also known as hypodermis, and is composed of loose connective tissue or subcutis tissue.

Melanin

Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis. It is a protein that determines hair, eye, and skin color; a defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun.

Ingredients that stimulate skin cell turnover?

Victim an A and alpha hydroxy acids, stimulate skin cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging. Regular cell turnover is necessary to keep skin healthier.

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL))

Water loss that is caused by evaporation on the skins surface.