Chapter 10

Who were the Neo-Freudian?

A group of personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories.

Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?

A) It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.

_____ is a form of _____ in which sexual urges are channeled into productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities.

A) Sublimation; displacement

Eric was once seriously injured in a hang-gliding accident, yet he continues to engage in this dangerous activity. Freud would probably explain Eric's dangerous hobby as a reflection of:

A) Thanatos.

Personality theories:

A) attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:

C) is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.

Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

C) latency

According to Alfred Adler, feelings of inferiority:

C) motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.

Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

C) psychoanalytic

28. After Jack's loan application for the new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?

C) rationalization

Because the beginnings of his own sexual attraction to some of the girls in his seventh-grade class were so anxiety-provoking to Jeff, he often found himself teasing the girls to whom he was most attracted. Jeff's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?

C) reaction formation

A religious leader in a small city led a crusade against the local X-rated movie theaters, topless dance bars, and strip clubs, often leading groups of angry citizens to storm the buildings and threaten to shut them down. After a great deal of publicity, however, the newspaper published photos of the same man frequenting strip clubs and patronizing prostitutes in a neighboring state. Sigmund Freud would explain this man's behavior as an example of

C) reaction formation.

Freud believed that a special form of displacement, called _____, is largely responsible for the productive and creative contributions of people and even whole societies.

C) sublimation

Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:

C) the actualizing tendency.

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____, whereas the id is guided by _____.

C) the reality principle; the pleasure principle

In psychology, the term personality refers to:

an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, people who move "toward" other people may have an excessive need for:

approval and affection.

Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

superego.

Gordon's 5-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

the Oedipus complex.

Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.

undoing; reaction formation

Despite the fact that Jacob is actually incompetent at many of the tasks that his job entails, he is constantly bragging about his accomplishments, abilities, and skills. Alfred Adler would probably suggest that Jacob has developed _____ to cover up his weaknesses.

C) a superiority complex

Jung believed that feminine and masculine qualities are represented in which of the following pairs of archetypes?

C) anima and animus

Psychoanalyst Karen Horney described _____ as "the feeling that a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world."

C) basic anxiety

According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.

C) conditional positive regard

In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self.

C) congruence

Ego defense mechanisms:

C) distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.

In Freud's theory of personality, the _____ operates on the _____, which is the capacity to delay gratification until an appropriate time.

C) ego; reality principle

According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, people who move "away from" other people may have an excessive need for

C) independence and self-sufficiency.

According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, a person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with:

his or her self-concept

Which of the following is referred to as the "third force" in psychology?

humanistic psychology

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

A) displacement

According to reciprocal determinism

A) human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

According to Freud, the successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development involves the child's use of the defense mechanism of:

A) identification.

Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

A) preconscious

After Lauren broke up with him, Evan told his friends how happy he was that Lauren was out of his life. Nevertheless, Evan keeps thinking of things that he left at Lauren's apartment and calls her or stops by her apartment several times a week. Each time he sees her, he is insulting and unpleasant and tells Lauren that he hopes he never sees her again. Evan's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?

A) reaction formation

Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients

A) spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?

A) the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification

The emphasis on unconscious mental processes is to _____ as the emphasis on learning and conscious cognitive processes is to _____.

A) the trait perspective; the humanistic perspective

According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, males often envy the capacity of women to bear children, which she termed:

A) womb envy.

The collective unconscious is to _____ as the inferiority complex is to _____.

B) Carl Jung; Alfred Adler

Which of the following statements best describes Jung's notion of archetypes?

B) Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.

According to Freud, _____ is reflected in behaviors that enhance our chances of survival, and _____ is reflected in aggressive, reckless, and dangerous behaviors that are life threatening.

B) Eros; Thanatos

Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.

B) Horney; Freud

The collective unconscious is to _____ as basic anxiety is to _____.

B) Jung; Horney

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Personality Traits and Patterns of Brain Activity," described an fMRI study that investigated how people with different personality traits responded to positive and negative images. What was the major conclusion of this study?

B) There were no major differences in brain activity between people who differ in personality traits.

"Possible selves" refers to:

B) aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.

At day care, 3-year-old Sara has learned that she has to wait her turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology, Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her:

B) ego.

Spencer has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Spencer's behavior when he found the purse was motivated by:

B) his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.

In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development.

B) human relationships

30. Troy and Carrie are a couple. Troy is unable to consciously admit he has strong feelings of sexual attraction to other women. However, he suspects and accuses Carrie of being sexually attracted to other men, even though Carrie has never done anything to arouse such suspicions. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Troy's behavior?

B) projection

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?

B) the collective unconscious

The prologue to Chapter 10 described the story of the twins, Julian and Kenneth. Using Freud's terminology, which component of personality was dominating Julian's behavior when he tried to rob the drugstore?

B) the id

According to Alfred Adler

B) the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.

According to Albert Bandura, what is the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior?

B) through observational learning and mastery experiences

27. While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug's behavior?

B) undoing

Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?

D) Using ego defense mechanisms increases feelings of anxiety.

Wendy often avoids trying or learning new tasks because she sees herself as inadequate, weak, and helpless. Alfred Adler would probably suggest that Wendy has developed _____ that keeps her from striving for mastery and self-improvement.

D) an inferiority complex

The term Freudian slip refers to:

D) an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.

29. Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her "husband" rather than her "ex-husband" when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?

D) denial

Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality

D) humanistic

In contrast to Freud's view of psychosexual development, psychoanalyst Karen Horney contended that:

D) males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.

Jose is a ninth-grader who dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player. Because of his _____, Jose will probably practice longer and harder than the other players on his high school softball team.

D) possible self

In psychoanalyst Karen Horney's view, people who move "against" others have a strong need for:

D) power and feelings of superiority.

The two basic types of personality tests are:

D) projective tests and self-report inventories.

When Carol was 8 years old, her mother died. As an adult, Carol has no memories of attending her mother's funeral. Which ego defense mechanism in Freud's theory would best account for the fact that Carol has no memories of this upsetting event

D) repression

Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?

D) superego

In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth and is completely unconscious?

D) the id

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?

D) the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world

The neo-Freudians agreed with Freud's notion that:

D) unconscious mental processes influence behavior.

Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves:

behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.

castration anxiety; penis envy