Chapter 10 - Sociology: Race and Ethnicity
Why do people put up with discrimination?
-Come from a very low standard of living to begin with -Lack information to realize they're being exploited -Lack power to force legal change -Economic motives may be different from the general population
Majority/Minority Group
A population that consists of over 50% minorities
Alport's Theory of Contact
If two groups are equal and they come in contact with each other then prejudice goes down - A=B=P goes down
De Jure
Legal discrimination; legally the laws allow you to treat people differently in society
Segregation
The separation of groups based on differences - race, ethnicity, religion, gender, social class Separation occurs in societies when two groups are unequal
Functionalist Theory
Theory: Prejudice has a function - to create in-group and out-group -ingroup solidarity -outgroup antagonism/hostility *Dysfunction: Destroys social relationships - seeing someone as an outsider or an other
Permissible Assimilation
When the minority group is allowed to adopt the dominant group culture at it's own pace
Indirect Population Transfer
When you make life uncomfortable so people leave
stereotype threat
a concern experienced when one feels at risk to confirming the inferiority or negative characteristics of one's group
hate crime
a crime perpetrated on the basis of ethnicity, nationality, race, religion or sexual orientation
majority group
a group that controls the economic, social, and political power and resources
Dominant/Majority Group
a group that controls the economic, social, and political power and resources; often times just assume they're superior
Merton Prejudice vs Discrimination
a preconceived judgement or opinion that people have about others v. unfair or differential treatment of individuals or groups
prejudice
a preconceived judgment or opinion of other people and races that leads to preferring one kind of person over another
race
a socially constructed category of people based on real or perceived physical differences
racial profiling
action taken against members of a minority group based on those things other than personal behavior
model (or ideal) minority group
an ethnic group that is more academically, economically, and socially successful than other racial minority groups
white privilege
an invisible package of unearned assets held by whites
Minority Group
disadvantaged group with significantly less economic, social, political power and resources; Women, religions, etc. Characteristics: -Have a physical or cultural trait that distinguished them from the dominant group - color of skin, sex, religion, etc -Unequally treated by the dominant group - don't have access to the power the dominant group has -Tend to marry within their own group (Endogamy) -Tend to feel a strong sense of group unity
Forced Assimilation
dominant group requires the minority group to give up their culture
stereotypes
generalized opinions and impressions of individuals, groups, or social classes
pluralism
maintaining social equality and distinct cultural characteristics within and among races and ethnicities
affirmative action
policies designed to promote educational and job opportunities for minorities and women
apartheid
policies, regulations and laws implemented by a government to keep racial and ethnic groups separate
Dollard
prejudice results from frustration; people are unable to strike out at real source of frustration so they take it out on others (scapegoating)
Adorno
profile of highly prejudice people - does not identify one single group more than another group -insecure -highly conformists -submissive superiors -older -less educated/intelligent -from lower social class
Symbolic Interaction: One-Drop Rule
put in place by slave owners as a way to limit inheritance rights Rule: if you had one drop of black blood then you were black - didn't matter what you looked like ***1/32*** - your background/your heritage - Overlook people like Obama
de facto segregation
segregation that happens "by fact" rather than requirement Ex: Vidor, TX
ethnicity
social and cultural characteristics that set apart one group of people from another
glass ceiling
social and legal barriers designed to prevent minorities and women from advancing in the workplace
institutional racism
societal patterns that produce negative treatment against groups of people based on their race
racism
the belief that one race is superior to others resulting in unequal or demoralizing treatment of other races
Conflict: Split Labor Market
the capitalist class system (bushwahzee, haves) systematically pits group against group benefitting by splitting workers along racial and ethnic lines - weakens solidarity or unity of the workers, benefiting the employers
desegregation
the elimination of the policy of segregation by legal and social means
Internal Colonialism
the exploitation of a societies minority group by the dominant group -Goes hand in hand with segregation
origin
the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in the United States
racial colorblindness
the idea that ignoring or overlooking racial and ethnic differences promotes racial harmony
Patterns of Intergroup Conflict: Population Transfer
the involuntary relocation of a minority group by a dominant group - can be indirect or direct
Symbolic Interaction: Labeling
the labels people learn color their perception
redlining
the practice of arbitrarily denying, limiting, or charging more for financial services, insurance, or access to health care to specific neighborhoods, based on racial and economic issues
Assimilation
the process in which a minority group loses their distinct cultural characteristics and is absorbed into the dominant group
diversity
the recognition and respect of the different attributes of races and ethnicities
Patterns of Intergroup Conflict: Genocide
the systematic killing of one group of people by another based on differences - trying to drive out another culture Examples: US government treatment of native americans, Nazi attempt to exterminate the jews, treatment of aborigines in Australia
institutional discrimination
the use of social institutions to deny minority group members access to the benefits of society
racial discrimination
unfair or differential treatment of individuals and groups based on race and ethnicity
Direct Population Transfer
when you forcibly remove someone - trail of tears, Japanese in WW2