chapter 10 study questions

a water loss of _____ of body weight can impair physical and cognitive functioning. a. 1-2% b. 5-7% c. 10% d. 20%

a. 1-2%

What is considered to be an optimal systolic blood pressure? a. 115-120 b. 130-140 c. 75-80 d. 85-90

a. 115-120

Most people need to consume around _______ L of water a day. a. 2.7-3.7 b. 1-2 c. 4.5-5.5 d. The amount does not matter.

a. 2.7-3.7

healthy blood pressure is defined as ______ mm of mercury. a. < 120/80 b. < 140/90 c. < 160/100 d. between 120/80 and 140/90

a. < 120/80

the dietary guidelines for America recommend that adults 51 years and older, as well as all African Americans, limit their sodium intake to ____ milligrams a day. a. 800 b. 1500 c. 2300 d. 3400 e. no limit is recommended

b. 1500

Approximately what percentage of total body water comes from fluids? a. 60-65 b. 75-80 c. 50-55 d. 65-70

b. 75-80

the hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidney is: a. aldosterone b. renin c. angiotensin d. adrenaline

a. aldosterone

which of the following acts to increase blood pressure? a. Angiotensin II b. calcitonin c. estrogen d. parathyroid hormone

a. angiotensin II

body water is regulated by all except a. calcium citrate b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride

a. calcium citrate

Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions are called what? a. Electrolytes b. ATPases c. Neurons d. Electrons

a. electrolytes

the best source of potassium per calorie comes from: a. fruits and vegetables b. whole grains c. lean protein d. low fat dairy

a. fruits and vegetables

which condition is characterized by decreased sodium levels due to over dehydration? a. hyponatremia b. hypokalemia c. hypovolemia d. hypophosphatemmia

a. hyponatremia

the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called: a. insensible losses b. interstitial decreases c. transitory losses d. undetectable losses

a. insensible losses

The portion of extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues is called: a. interstitial flid b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. blood pressure

a. interstitial fluid

What is the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure? a. it increases blood pressure. b. it lowers blood pressure c. it has no effect on blood pressure d. it can either increase or lower blood pressure

a. it increases blood pressure

which electrolyte found primarily inside the cell? a. potassium b. chloride c. sodium d. phosphorous e. no answer is correct

a. potassium

the normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered: a. slightly basic b. slightly acidic c. very basic d. very acidic

a. slightly basic

What are electrolytes in the body? a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions. b. they are vitamins and minerals required for body functions c. proteins that are dissolved in body fluids d. they are desirable but not necessary for the maintenance for life.

a. substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions

which of the following statements about intestinal absorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium from the diet is true? a. they are readily absorbed b. absorption is regulated according to body needs c. sodium absorption is tightly regulated, whole chloride and potassium absorption is largely unregulated. d. minor changes in intake from day to day can upset normal homeostasis

a. they are readily absorbed

water moves through cell walls a. toward the side with more solutes b. away from the side with less c. by dissociation d. by gravity

a. toward the side with more solutes

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone used to influence water retention at the kidneys. a. True b. False

a. true

Dehydration of only 1 to 2% of body weight can impair physical and cognitive ability. a. True b. False

a. true

In most people, hypertension has no obvious external cause. a. True b. False

a. true

Sodium is crucial to regulating extracellular fluid volume. a. True b. False

a. true

Water is a polar molecule. a. True b. False

a. true

which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream? a. angiotensinogen b. antidiuretic hormone c. calcitonin d. adrenal hormone

b. antidiuretic hormone

Of the following foods, which is the best source of potassium? a. Processed cereal b. Baked potato c. Hot dog d. Cheese

b. baked potato

all of the following are ways to reduce sodium intake in your diet EXCEPT: a. replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods b. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables c. choosing roasted turkey rather than bologna d. preparing your meals at home.

b. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables.

daily water requirements are: a. the same for all adults: 8 glasses per day b. determined by losses through urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces. c. established by specific RDAs or AIs for all ages and both genders d. met only by drinking water, not through foods or other beverages e. same for men and women if they live in temperature climates f. all of the above

b. determined by losses through the urine, respiration, perspiration, and feces

sodium, chloride, and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of: a. phytates b. electrolytes c. condensates d. solvents

b. electrolytes

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. a. True b. False

b. false

like sodium, potassium raises blood pressure. a. true b. false

b. false

most body water comes from: a. moisture absorbed through the skin b. fluids we drink c. the foods we eat d. metabolism

b. fluids we drink

How does the DASH diet affect blood pressure? a. animal protein decreases blood pressure b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure c. low fat dairy products increase blood pressure d. dietary fiber increases blood pressure.

b. fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. increasing sodium, potassium, and chlorine intake d. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes: a. increasing sodium intake b. increasing potassium intake c. increasing sodium, potassium, and chlorine intake d. decreasing water intake

b. increasing potassium intake

the shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar as an example of: a. condensation b. osmosis c. alkalosis d. diffusion

b. osmosis

What factor affects the amount of water in different body compartments? a. dietary protein b. osmotic balance c. nerve conduction d. muscle contraction

b. osmotic balance

the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet is better characterized by: a. high intake of fruits and vegetables, but no dairy foods b. plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, with lean protein and low fat dairy foods c. abundant whole and refined grains and high protein foods, but low in dairy d. plenty of high-protein and dairy foods

b. plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with lean protein and low fat dairy foods

Most body reactions occur in what type of solution? a. Very basic b. Slightly basic c. Neutral d. Slightly acidic

b. slightly basic

What is true about water movement across cell membrane? a. water moves to the compartment with the lowest concentration of solute. b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure. c. extra protein in the diet promotes fluid retention in body cells. d. the concentration of solute remains constant among the body compartments.

b. the amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure.

an electrical charge or membrane potential exists across nerve cell membranes because: a. the membrane is permeable to sodium ions b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in c. the membrane is impermeable to all ions d. water can slow freely across the membrane

b. the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in.

the body loses the most water through: a. perspiration b. urine c. feces d. respiration

b. urine

Which group of individuals is least sensitive to salt intake? a. Diabetics b. Vegetarians c. Elderly d. African Americans

b. vegetarians

body temperature is regulated by: a. sodium b. water c. potassium d. protein

b. water

which of the following statements is incorrect relating to the role of the water? a. you can survive only a few days without water b. water will keep you thin c. water play a part in moving food through the GI tract d. water makes up 75% of our bodies

b. water will keep you thin

When an individual hasn't consumed enough water, what happens? a. Blood volume increases, solute concentration decreases b. ADH is suppressed, water is reabsorbed into the blood c. Blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases d. ADH is increased, excess water is released in urine

c, blood volume decreases, solute concentration increases

Kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout. HE should consume a minimum of ____ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid. a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 1.5 d. 2

c. 1.5

hypertension is very common, affecting ____ of adults in the U.S. a. 1/10 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2

c. 1/3

the UL for sodium intake is ___ mg/day a. 1000 b. 1850 c. 2300 d. one has not been established

c. 2300

approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water? a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80%

c. 60%

For a 2,000 kcalorie level, how many servings of fruits and vegetables does the DASH eating plan propose? a. 3-5 b. 6-8 c. 8-10 d. 10-12

c. 8-10

the AI for potassium intake is: a. similar to that for sodium b. not established c. >2x than that of sodium d. less than 20% of that for sodium

c. >2x than that of sodium

from the list below, which electrolytes are found primarily outside of the cell? a. sodium b. chloride c. both sodium and chloride d. potassium e. all answers are correct

c. both sodium and chloride

The majority of salt in the modern diet: a. comes from eating foods that are naturally high in salt. b. comes from adding salt to foods during cooking. c. comes from eating processed foods. d. is mostly potassium chloride.

c. comes from eating processed foods

positively and negatively charged ions in water are called: a. solvents b. non-polar c. electrolytes d. inert

c. electrolytes

of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is: a. blood b. bone c. fat d. muscle

c. fat

the DASH diet is: a. high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium. b. high in sodium while low in calcium, magnesium, and potassium c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium d. high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium

c. high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low in sodium

a reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a. exchange reaction b catalysis reaction c. hydrolysis reaction d. condensation reaction

c. hydrolysis reaction

diets high in sodium have been linked to _________ in some people. a. diabetes b. cancer c. hypertension d. all of these

c. hypertension

a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, increased blood volume, and symptoms that may include nausea and confusion is termed: a. ketoacidosis b. hypokalemia c. hyponatremia d. dehydration e. homeostasis

c. hyponatremia

water found inside cells of the body is called: a. intercellular fluid b. extracellular fluid c. intracellular fluid d. interstitial fluid

c. intracellular fluid

What is a function of water in the body? a. it regulates protein functioning the body b. it prevents heat loss from the body c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells d. it maintains the body at a slightly acidic pH.

c. it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells

To test a vitamin supplement to see if it will dissolve and be absorbed into the body, you could drop the supplement into which fluid? a. Baking soda and water b. Black coffee c. Lemon juice d. Bleach

c. lemon juice

Which of the following statements is true regarding pH? a. A pH of 1 is very basic. b. A pH of 14 is very acidic. c. Most reactions in the body occur around a pH of 7.4. d. Water allows for rapid pH changes.

c. most reactions in the body occurs around a pH of 7.4.

water is absorbed in the GI tract by: a. active transport b. brownian motion c. osmosis d. endocytosis

c. osmosis

the primary intracellular electrocyte in the body is: a. calcium b. chloride c. potassium d. sodium e. zinc f. all of the above

c. potassium

Good sources of potassium include all of the following EXCEPT: a. tomatoes b. bananas c. snack crackers d. potatoes

c. snack crackers

What is a consequence of hypertension? a. weight gain b. diabetes c. stroke d. obesity

c. stroke

water is polar because: a. it is an ion b. the electrons are equally shared among the O and H atoms c. the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms d. the electrons spend more time around the H atoms than the O atom

c. the electron spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms.

how is blood pressure regulated? a. aldosterone decreases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. b. renin converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which is activated to angiotensin III. c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure d. an increase in blood pressure triggers the kidneys to release the enzyme renin.

c. water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

most of the salt consumed by Americans is: a. found naturally in food b. added during home preparation c. added at the table d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

d. added to food during processing and manufacturing

which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration? a. an athlete, exercising in cool weather b. an elderly woman, just returning from a 4 hour flight c. a child recovering from diarrhea d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

d. all are potentially at risk for dehydration

which of the following is a determinant for our daily water needs? a. illness b. fiber content in our diet c. alcohol consumption d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The risk of hypertension is affected by: a. genetics. b. age. c. lifestyle factors. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices

Water functions as part of: a. tears. b. synovial fluid. c. saliva. d. all of these choices.

d. all of these choices

which statement concerning electrolyte imbalance is true? a. it can cause sudden heart failure b. it can occur in anorexia nervosa c. it can disturb acid base balance d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Which of the following events follows a drop in blood pressure? a. Adrenal gland releases aldosterone, sodium released in urine b. Blood vessels dilate, kidneys release water c. Adrenal gland suppresses aldosterone, sodium is retained d. Blood vessels constrict, kidneys retain water

d. blood vessels constrict, kidneys retain water

What food groups are most important to the DASH eating plan? a. Low-fat dairy, fruits, vegetables, salt substitute b. Unprocessed foods, fruits, whole grains, yogurt c. Salt substitute, vegetables, whole grains, unprocessed foods d. Fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains

d. fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains

all of the following are true regarding antidiuretic hormone [ADH], except that: a. is released by the pituitary gland b. is released when blood volume falls c. prompts the kidneys to conserve water d. functions to release water and dilute urine. e. is decreased when blood volume increases or normalizes

d. functions to release water and dilute urine.

the primary focus of the DASH diet is to help control: a. high cholesterol levels b. type 2 diabetes c. blood triglycerides d. high blood pressure

d. high blood pressure

fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because: a. infants have less surface area for evaporation b. infants are more active than adults c.infants weigh less than adults d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

d. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine

What is true about dehydration? a. a loss of 11% body weights water can cause nausea b. it is recommended for reducing body weight c. it stimulates the removal of waste products d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance.

d. it can impair physical and cognitive performance

The primary organ involved in the regulation of sodium, potassium, and water balance in the body a. brain b. lungs c. heart d. kidneys

d. kidneys

from this figure, what is true about the dietary sources of sodium and potassium? a. more processed foods are generally low in sodium b. more processed foods are generally high in potassium c. less processed foods tend to be high in sodium d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

d. less processed foods tend to be high in potassium

water plays an important role in: a. preventing obesity in the U.S. population b. providing a source of energy c. providing a good source of potassium in the diet d. regulating body temperatures e. making up 50% of the body in men f. all of the above

d. regulating body temperatures

water in the body comes from all of these sources except: a. beverages b. solid food c. metabolic reactions d. respiration

d. respiration

In the United States, the typical diet is high in _____ and low in ____. a. sodium potassium and chloride b. sodium; phosphorus c. iron; potassium d. sodium and chloride; potassium

d. sodium and chloride; potassium

nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend on which minerals? a. chloride and potassium b. phosphorous and calcium c. sodium and fluoride d. sodium and potassium

d. sodium and potassium

which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body? a. sodium is primarily intracellular; potassium is primarily extracellular. b. sodium and potassium are primarily extracellular c. sodium nd potassium are primarily intracellular d. sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

d. sodium is primarily extracellular; potassium is primarily intracellular.

Which of the following are principal electrolytes in body fluids? a. Sodium, calcium, phosphorus b. Phosphorus, sodium, magnesium c. Calcium, magnesium, sodium d. Sodium, potassium, chloride

d. sodium, potassium, and chloride