Chapter 10: The Jacksonian Era, 1828-1840

President Jackson strongly supported the 1828 "Tariff of Abominations" during the nullification crisis because he believed that the federal government should play a role in the development of the manufacturing industry in the nation.

False

Who introduced the use of nominating conventions?

Anti-Masonic party

President Andrew Jackson universally applied his views on the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.

False

Why did Andrew Jackson NOT support Indian removal despite passionate and popular opposition?

He proposed the use of Indian labor on cotton plantations in the West.

What were the causes of the financial Panic of 1837?

A huge reduction in industrial production, foreclosures on businesses and farms, and a decline in British purchases of American cotton.

What were not the causes of the financial Panic of 1837?

A surge in gold reserves

Complete the passage below regarding Andrew Jackson's efforts to destroy the Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) and the actions of "a wilderness of local banks."

After he vetoed the renewal of the Bank of the United States charter, President Jackson ordered the transfer of federal monies to state banks. Without the restraining effects of the national bank, new state banks with reckless policies began sprouting up across the West. These banks printed excessive paper money and engaged in reckless lending strategies to land speculators. This created economic chaos as many of these banks went bankrupt.

In 1836, Andrew Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which required that all purchases of federal government land by speculators be made in gold and silver, not paper money. What was the impact of the Specie Circular on the United States economy?

Banks reduced lending, causing the economy to slow dramatically, Depositors hurried to local banks to withdraw their money, and Banks shifted much of their limited supply of gold and silver to their western branches.

The cartoon comments on Jackson's efforts to prevent the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. The hydra, a creature from Greek mythology, represents the bank and has many heads resembling politicians from various U.S. states. What does the cartoon NOT convey regarding what became known as the Bank War?

Because Jackson had so many supporters, he was sure to come out ahead with regard to preventing the rechartering of the bank, and Because Jackson had the support of the full military, he was guaranteed to defeat the movement to recharter the bank.

The cartoon comments on Jackson's efforts to prevent the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. The hydra, a creature from Greek mythology, represents the bank and has many heads resembling politicians from various U.S. states. What does the cartoon convey regarding what became known as the Bank War?

Because Jackson took an active approach in combating the rechartering of the bank, he had a real stake in the outcome of the conflict, and Because support for the bank was so powerful, Jackson was in danger of losing the battle to prevent it from being rechartered.

Identify the impacts to the economy of Nicholas Biddle's demand that the Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) stop making loans and that state banks switch to gold or silver currency.

Biddle was trying to bring the economy to a halt and create a depression, and Biddle was trying to reveal the importance of maintaining the national bank.

Identify what were NOT impacts to the economy of Nicholas Biddle's demand that the Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) stop making loans and that state banks switch to gold or silver currency.

Biddle was trying to prepare the state banks for the shutdown of the B.U.S. in order to make the transition as smooth as possible, and Biddle was trying to help establish more state banks that he could manage when the B.U.S. shut down.

Which of the following DID NOT happen when abolitionists sent anti-slavery publications to white southerners during the Jacksonian era?

Congress ultimately forbade the mailing of anti-slavery publications, and Jackson promoted the spread of the abolitionist message.

Who nominated Andrew Jackson, and the National Republicans nominated Henry Clay?

Democrats

In the election of 1836, the Whig coalition embraced a unified strategy by backing a strong and popular southern candidate.

False

Complete the passage below describing the consequences of the decision to resettle Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

Following the Indian Removal Act, some Native Americans resisted resettlement efforts to move them west of the Mississippi River. In Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, for example, this resistance resulted in the Black Hawk War. Similarly in Florida, Native American resistance resulted in the Second Seminole War. Over time, their numbers declined drastically, but the survivors in Florida did not end their war with the United States until the early twentieth century.

One senator from Massachusetts described the Union as a "rope of sand" if the views of the opposing senator from South Carolina were upheld. Complete the passage below describing this nationalist viewpoint and the conflict that would eventually lead to the nullification crisis.

Hayne, Webster

During his farewell address, Andrew Jackson said that he had worked on behalf of "the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society—the bone and sinew of the country—men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws." Identify Jackson's positions that support this claim.

He advocated for equality of opportunity for the "common man" so they could thrive, and he advocated for the political equality of "common" men to vote and hold office.

During his farewell address, Andrew Jackson said that he had worked on behalf of "the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society—the bone and sinew of the country—men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws." Identify Jackson's positions that support this claim.

He advocated for the political equality of "common" men to vote and hold office, and He advocated for equality of opportunity for the "common man" so they could thrive.

During his farewell address, Andrew Jackson said that he had worked on behalf of "the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society—the bone and sinew of the country—men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws." Identify Jackson's positions that DID NOT support this claim.

He believed that oppressed populations should receive payment from tax revenue to pay for previously inflicted injustices, and He believed that the wealth of a nation should be distributed among the population in the most even fashion possible.

During his farewell address, Andrew Jackson said that he had worked on behalf of "the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society—the bone and sinew of the country—men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws." Identify Jackson's positions that did NOT support this claim.

He believed that the wealth of a nation should be distributed among the population in the most even fashion possible, and he believed that oppressed populations should receive payment from tax revenue to pay for previously inflicted injustices.

Andrew Jackson had a particular regard for the "common man" during his presidency, a perspective that was nurtured by the manner in which he was raised. Identify the ways that Jackson's upbringing differed from those of his presidential predecessors.

He did not come from a prominent colonial family and He was born in a log cabin.

Andrew Jackson had a particular regard for the "common man" during his presidency, a perspective that was nurtured by the manner in which he was raised. Identify the ways that Jackson's upbringing DID NOT differ from those of his presidential predecessors.

He did not participate in the Revolutionary War and He was raised to settle conflicts through talking rather than fighting.

Identify the ways that Jackson's upbringings did NOT differ from those of his presidential predecessors?

He did not participate in the Revolutionary War, and he was raised to settle conflicts through talking rather than fighting.

Identify the actions Andrew Jackson did NOT take during his presidency that demonstrate his view that he was a representative of the "people."

He endorsed voting rights for free African Americans in the North, and he encouraged rumors and gossip about his personal life to demonstrate to the public that he was no different than they were.

Identify the actions Andrew Jackson took during his presidency that demonstrate his view that he was a representative of the "people."

He removed career bureaucrat from government jobs and replaced them with his supporters, he vetoed the Bank Recharter Bill because he believed that the Second Bank of the United States only made "the rich richer."

Why did John Quincy Adams think that disbanding the "Masonic institution" was the most important issue facing "us and our posterity"?

He suspected the elite organization of the Masonic order was intent on undermining democracy.

Identify the ways that Jackson's upbringing differed from those of his presidential predecessors?

He was born in a log cabin, and he did not come from a prominent colonial family.

Why did Andrew Jackson support Indian removal despite passionate and popular opposition?

He was convinced that moving Indians to reservations in the West was in their best interests, He believed Indians were inferior to whites, and whites should control the land and its resources, and He wanted the government to take over Indian land, especially areas with rich farming and mining potential.

Which of the following were major changes during the Jacksonian era from 1828 to 1840?

Industrialization, growing tensions over slavery, westward expansion.

In 1836, Andrew Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which required that all purchases of federal government land by speculators be made in gold and silver, not paper money. What was NOT the impact of the Specie Circular on the United States economy?

Investment in eastern manufacturing increased

How did the Whig party emerge, and what specific issues did it support and denounce?

It grew out of the National Republican party and united under a common hostility to Jackson's authoritarian style, and It advocated federal support for manufacturing and internal improvements.

Identify how the "spoils system" demonstrated Andrew Jackson's beliefs regarding the "common man."

It resulted in the dislodging of many members of the political elite because Jackson replaced federal officeholders with "common-man" supporters, not career bureaucrats.

How did the Whig party NOT emerge, and what specific issues did it support and denounce?

It vehemently opposed a national bank.

During the Peggy Eaton social scandal, Andrew Jackson said that Vice President Calhoun was a dangerous, unprincipled man who "would sacrifice his friend, his country, and forsake his god for selfish personal ambition." What does this quotation reveal about the impact of the Peggy Eaton affair on Andrew Jackson's administration?

Jackson blamed Calhoun for the targeted abuse of Peggy Eaton and the distraction it caused.

What does comparing these two images NOT suggest about Jackson's presidency?

Jackson drastically decreased the power of the presidency because of his emphasis on the rights of common Americans, and Jackson personally suffered economic hardship during the banking crisis he helped create.

Identify the ways that President Jackson did NOT handle challenges to federal authority posed by states that wanted to assert power over neighboring Native American tribes.

Jackson implemented a policy of nullification regarding all Supreme Court decisions, and Jackson sent federal troops to ensure that the state of Georgia submitted to federal authority.

Trail of Tears

Members of the Cherokee Nation who lived in parts of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina were forced to march 800 miles westward to relocate west of the Mississippi River. Thousands of them died during the march.

In regard to his policies about Native Americans following the Worcester v. Georgia decision, Jackson was reported to have said, "John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it." What did Jackson mean by this?

Jackson intended to defy the Supreme Court ruling that Cherokee Indians could not be removed from Georgia.

President Andrew Jackson insisted, "Our Union—It must be preserved!" What actions did Jackson not take to maintain the Union when a South Carolina state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification?

Jackson offered to lobby Congress to lower the Tariff of 1828 if South Carolina legislators would support a constitutional amendment to expand executive authority.

Andrew Jackson's tenure as president was marked by controversy. Identify some of the contradictions that contributed to Jackson's mixed legacy.

Jackson paid off the national debt, but he maintained the tariffs that caused the nullification crisis and increased tension between the South and North, Jackson championed the Indian Removal Act to move the Indians west and support them, but it instead led to the deaths of thousands of Native Americans and was in violation of treaties upheld by the Supreme Court, Jackson wanted to limit the role of the federal government, but he used his status as the only official elected by all "the people" to justify his expansion of presidential power, Jackson's decision to abolish the national bank initially enabled more banks to lend money, but it ultimately led to a prolonged period of financial hardship across the nation, and As president, Jackson oversaw a flourishing period of industrialization and wanted to elevate the "laboring classes," but economic inequality only increased during his presidency.

Identify the ways that President Jackson handled challenges to federal authority posed by states that wanted to assert power over neighboring Native American tribes.

Jackson refused to enforce Supreme Court decisions that supported Cherokee land claims, and Due to Jackson's general disdain for Native Americans and his desire to move them westward, he refused to interfere on behalf of the Cherokee Nation in their dealings with the state of Georgia.

In the 1832 presidential election, the Democrats and which group adopted the use of nominated conventions?

National Republicans

How did Henry Clay's compromise NOT temporarily lessen tensions among President Jackson, his nationalist allies, and sectionalist state and federal legislators from South Carolina?

Northern manufacturers supported the tariff reduction.

Which of the following were NOT major changes during the Jacksonian era from 1828 to 1840?

Political stability, and economic stagnation

Complete the passage below describing President Andrew Jackson's legacy as it pertains to contemporary politics.

President Andrew Jackson oversaw the development of the second two-party system in the United States and was the first president from the modern Democratic party. He believed that presidential power derived from more direct political participation by the people. The now-routine practice of awarding political positions to supporters was initiated by Jackson's spoils system. Most significant, however, was Jackson's push for equal opportunity and extension of the vote to the "common man," which ushered in a new political era.

Put in chronological order the events that formed Andrew Jackson's legacy regarding the status of Native Americans.

President Andrew Jackson was elected, The Indian Removal Act was passed, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ruled that the Cherokees had an "unquestionable right" to their land, The Black Hawk War erupted, Some members of the Cherokee Nation signed a treaty with the U.S. government.

Identify some of the tensions that did NOT result in South Carolina's rejection of federal authority during President Jackson's administration.

President Jackson had vetoed several "internal improvement" bills passed by Congress that would have greatly improved the transportation infrastructure in South Carolina.

Identify some of the tensions that resulted in South Carolina's rejection of federal authority during President Jackson's administration.

Severe economic strain after the collapse of cotton prices in the 1820s disproportionately affected South Carolina, South Carolina's John C. Calhoun and President Jackson were divided by an intensely personal political rivalry, and Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 that many South Carolinians believed would protect domestic textile manufacturers at the expense of the interests of cotton planters.

During the conflict between nationalists and states' rights advocates, the idea of nullification developed. What was the central principle of nullification?

Since states voted to create the Union, they had the right to deem a law unconstitutional and veto it.

Put in chronological order the following events during Andrew Jackson's presidency.

South Carolina adopts the Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun secretly composes the pamphlet South Carolina Exposition and Protest, The Webster-Hayne debate takes place in Congress, South Carolina adopts the Ordinance of Nullification, and President Jackson requests a "Force Bill" from Congress, which would allow him to send the U.S. Army to force South Carolina to adhere to federal law.

Which of the following happened when abolitionists sent anti-slavery publications to white southerners during the Jacksonian era?

Southern states passed laws banning abolitionist mailings, and Some pro-slavery southerners broke into post offices and destroyed abolitionist mailings.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

The Marshall Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a "domestic dependent nation" that had "an unquestionable right" to their land.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community" and that Georgia law did not govern the Cherokee Nation.

Which of the following statements do NOT accurately describes the Distribution Act?

The act sought to distribute state money to local governments in order to support struggling local economies.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Distribution Act?

The act sought to distribute surplus money from federal land sales to the states in proportion to their representation in Congress, and the act resulted in a rush to withdraw funds from state banks.

What does comparing these two images suggest about Jackson's presidency?

The democratization of American politics during the Jacksonian era and Jackson's beliefs on the authority of the president could be viewed by some as contradictory, and amid the democratization of American politics during the Jacksonian era, Jackson also expanded the power of the presidency.

How did Henry Clay's compromise temporarily lessen tensions among President Jackson, his nationalist allies, and sectionalist state and federal legislators from South Carolina?

The federal tariff on certain items that economically hurt South Carolina's agricultural economy was gradually reduced, but not eliminated, President Jackson claimed victory by reaffirming the supremacy of federal authority when South Carolina nullifiers backed down, and South Carolina officials who advocated and supported nullification were able to claim victory because of the reduction of the tariff without bloodshed.

How did Henry Clay's compromise temporarily lessen tensions among President Jackson, his nationalist allies, and sectionalist state and federal legislators from South Carolina?

The federal tariff on certain items that economically hurt South Carolina's agricultural economy was gradually reduced, but not eliminated, South Carolina officials who advocated and supported nullification were able to claim victory because of the reduction of the tariff without bloodshed, and President Jackson claimed victory by reaffirming the supremacy of federal authority when South Carolina nullifiers backed down.

The Indian Removal Act had many Native American and white critics. What was the central reason that these critics did not want the Indian Removal Act to pass?

They argued that the purpose of the Indian Removal Act was to take Indian land, not to protect Native America

During his campaign, Andrew Jackson promised to protect "the poor and humble" from the "tyranny of wealth and power." To prove this, he opened his inauguration party to everyone. Analyze satirist Robert Cruikshank's painting below of this event. What does it reveal about the reactions of those opposed to Jackson's election to the presidency?

They thought there would be chaos in the country.

Indian Removal Act

This piece of legislation authorized the president to ignore existing treaties with Native Americans. It also resulted in the relocation of tens of thousands of Native Americans westward across the Mississippi River.

Andrew Jackson vowed to destroy the Second Bank of the United States because he was fearful it would become too powerful. But the Bank War between Jackson and the national bank's leader, Nicholas Biddle, ultimately proved that the president didn't understand the role of the bank in supporting the young economy.

True

During his administration, President Jackson was able to carve out a base for the modern Democratic party through force of character and his reputation as the common man's candidate. He secured a constituency that ranged from the working poor in eastern cities to southern farmers.

True

In response to the Panic of 1837, Congress passed the Independent Treasury Act to establish an Independent Treasury system.

True

During the conflict between nationalists and states' rights advocates, the idea of nullification developed. What was NOT the central principle of nullification?

U.S. federal courts could nullify treaties between states and Native American tribes, It was a principle enshrined in the Constitution that allowed states to move to dissolve the Union if the federal government became too tyrannical, Federal judges had the prerogative to nullify laws enacted by state legislatures.

Complete the passage below describing Andrew Jackson's actions that illustrate his views on the role of government.

Using his executive authority, Andrew Jackson limited the role of the federal government. In 1830, President Jackson vetoed a bill passed by Congress that was supported by Vice President John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay and authorized the use of federal funds to build a road from Maysville, Kentucky, to Lexington, Kentucky, Clay's hometown.

President Andrew Jackson insisted, "Our Union—It must be preserved!" What actions did Jackson take to maintain the Union when a South Carolina state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification?

When speaking privately, Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun, Hayne, and other South Carolina advocates of nullification, Jackson sent federal soldiers and a warship to Charleston to defend the sanctity of the Union and to show that state nullification would not be tolerated, and Jackson stressed that nullification "means insurrection and war; and the other states have a right to put it down" to defend the unity of the Union.

Andrew Jackson represented the expansion of political power to which of the following groups?

poor white men