chapter 11, 12,13,14

nuclear family

When ppl talk about the disappearance of the nuclear family, they usually are referring to the divorce rate, but especially for the baby boom generation, families are changing in other ways as well.

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When sociologists talk about authority, they refer to the legitimate, no coercive exercise of power.

Socialism-

an economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation of the economy.

Capitalism-

an economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production for profit, with an emphasis on supply and demand as a means to set prices.

Simulacrum-

an image or media representation that doesn't reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real. Fake

Political action committee (PAC) -

an org that raises money 2 support the interests of a select group or orgs. E.g. the BAMPAC, or the Black America Political Action Committee, represents the special interests of African Americans.

Distance learning-

any educational course or program in which the teacher and the students do not meet together in the classroom; increasingly available over the internet. E.g. farmers and their families. Or physically disabled.

3rd place

any informal public place where people come together regularly for conversation and camaraderie when not at work or at home. e.g. bars

Religion-

any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane.

Intentional community

any of a variety of groups who form communal living arrangements outside marriage. A feeling of belonging and mutual support that is increasingly hard to find in mainstream western society.

Domestic violence

any physical, verbal, financial, sexual, or psychological behaviors abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims.

uses and gratification paradigm-

approaches to understanding media effects that focus on individuals' psychological or social needs that consumption of various media fulfills. e.g. escape from reality, social interactions, forming relationship, talking it out w/other (jersey shore).

Charter schools-

are public schools, but they are run by private entities, such as a parents' group or an educational corporations. They are expensive to launch and run. Many struggle to raise funds and meet endless lists of state and local regulations; there are also questions about whether charter schools are any better than ordinary public schools.

Disenfranchised-

banned from voting. E.g felony or on probation "stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently"

Intrinsic value-

basic, fundamental (inside) n my heart

Voting-

sociologist believe that social factors such as age, education, religion, or ethnic background that influence whether and how individuals vote. E.g Barack Obama

Style over substance-

pres. Ronald Reagan, a Hollywood actor & commercial spokesperson. The "Great Communicator" basketball star Bill Bradley, astronaut John Glenn, & comedian Al Franken, who became a senator.

deregulation-

reduction or removal of government controls from an industry to allow for a free and efficient marketplace. e.g. allows companies to gain control of every larger chunks of the media market.

Propinquity

refers to geographical proximity: we tend to choose people who live nearby. This is logical; we are likely to find possible mates among the ppl in our neighborhood, at work, or at school

Exogamy-

refers to marrying someone from a different social group

role model

relationships, in which more prominent members of a leisure or recreational subculture serve as examples for us to strive. e.g. "i wanna be like mike"

Kin-

relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent. This could include grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one household.

Endogamy-

that refers to marrying someone of similar race or ethnicity, class, education, religion, or nationality.

hypodermic needle theory (magic bullet theory)-

the assumption was that, like an injection, media content was short directly into the audience members, who responded instantaneously to its stimulus.

idol culture

the customs, practices, and values expressed in a aparticular place by the ppl who interact there.

Homeschooling-

the education of children by their parents, at home.

Sacred-

the holy, divine, or supernatural

interpretive strategies-

the ideas and frameworks that audience members bring to bear on a particular media text to understand its meaning. e.g. k/s or "slash" gay lovers on star Trek

Merger

the legal combination of two companies, usually in order to maximize efficiency and profits by eliminating redundant infrastructure and personnel. In 2000 the merge btw a new media company, AOL and an older one, Time Warner.

Fourth Estate-

the media, which r considered like a 4th branch of gov (after the executive, legislative, & judiciary) & thus serve as another of the checks & balances on power.

Profane-

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday

Social institutions:

(systems & structures that organize our group life, such as school, religion, and the government) shape and constrain our everyday lives. E.g school, it dictates what time children should go to bed and get up in the morning. It's a macro level to shape our everyday interactions

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In Africa and Latin America, Liberation theology has been instrumental in fighting exploitation, oppression, and poverty. A movement w/in the catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, w/a focus on fighting injustice.

Family 1-

2 or more ppl, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, live together

Vacation:

American's take 2 weeks of paid holiday per year. British: five weeks Austrialians: 6 weeks Americans work on average of 47 hours per week Italy, Greece, and spain: take a mid-afternoon break. Few hours to eat & sleep.

What do we look for in a lifelong partner?

Attractive, money: financial stability, similar interest, trust:fidelity, personality, intellectual equal, postitive, loving, happy, gentleman, active, and equality. Same religion & race/ethnicity.

Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a political system that denies ordinary citizens representation by and control over their own government. Thus, citizens have no say in who rules them, what laws are made, and how those laws are enforced. E.g dictatorship

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Conflict theorists believe that society revolves around conflict w/in the family is also about the competition for resources: time, energy, and the leisure to pursue more interesting recreational activities.

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Dictators are most often individuals but can also be associated w/political parties or groups such as the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Education

Education affects income. More money w/education In all categories of education, the greater the income differences.

Why are ppl holding off marriage?

Education, financial stability, living together, ok not to marry, waiting for the right one, cannot marry e.g. gays & LESBIANS, life expectancy, & freedom/independence

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Even though freedom of speech is a legal right in the United States, when we criticize some policy or some action of the government, we may, ironically, be called unpatriotic by those who support it.

1998- Terri schiavo

Fought eating disorders in her adult life 35 years, her body lost potassium. Went to the hospital 1990-98- went into a comma. For 8years. Husband wanted her to stop eating from the tubes and die peacefully while the parents wanted her to fight it and recover. Court battle for 7yrs and on 2005- marriage won the case & pulls her tubes in order for her to die.

What does the legal definition of a family determine?

Hospital visitation/ medical decision Medical decision making Health & medical benefits Pension's benefits Tax breaks

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Karl Marx believed that the powerful have always exploited workers. He believed workers were alienated in four ways: from the product of their labor, from their own productive activity, from their follow workers, and finally from human nature.

Religion

Latin root, reliogoare. Re-lig-o-are Means to tie back, to tie up, and to bind. This suggesting the link between religion and tradition.

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May seem like the ideal system of gov. but not all citizens are equally represented by a democratic gov. e.g immigrants, women didn't have the right to vote.

(NE) 1990- westside school district VS. Mergens

Mergens wanted to form a Christian group. [8-1 decision] decided they can meet on school property, voluntary membership, held outside school hours, & run by students only, no advisor.

Bowles & Gintis (1977)

One such role is the training of future workers, which was examined by Bowles & Gintis (1977) in their study schooling in capitalist America. They argue that schools train a labor force w/the appropriate skills, personalities, & attitudes for an industrial economy. According to this analysis, schools look a lot like factories. Students have no control over their curriculum, must obey instructions, and gain little intrinsic satisfaction from their schoolwork.

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Power elite, C. wright Mills's term for a relatively small # of ppl who occupy the top positions of control w/in the economic, political, & military institutions of the country.

(PA) ablington township: school district V. shempp (1963)

Prayer in public schools/forming religious clubs. (PA) ablington township: school district V. shempp (1963) The school made the students pray. However, shempp was against it and claimed that the school violated the 1st & 4th amendment. [8-1] decision. The idea to separate church & state.

Interviewing and salary negation:

Rehearsal, dress professional, don't chew gum, both men & women are nervous and say "uhhh" or worries"

Religion gives us guidelines. A system of tolerance.

Sociologists are not concerned w/whether religious beliefs are the true of false. Are especially concerned w/the social organization of religion. E.g. diff status, gender etc. Can all come 2gether & worship. Often view religion as a major source of social solidarity

Special interest groups,

Special interest groups, orgs that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and/or public opinion. Aka pressure groups. E.g. 527 committees, comes from section 527 of the tax code, which was originally designed 2 help political parties avoid taxation.

Pygmalion in the classroom:

Teacher expectation and pupils' intellectual development (1968)- found out that when teachers expected students to succeed, the students indeed tended to improve. Vice-versa.

internet

The internet has now bcome a leading source of campaign news for young people, and social networking sites such as Myspace and facebook play an important part in the story.

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The public is also influenced by opinion leaders, high-profile ppl who interpret political information for us. E.g. Oprah Winfrey

Single

The term single often implies a young adult who is actively seeking a partner for a relationship or marriage. Includes gays & lesbians, ppl living alone who are in long-distance relationships, ppl living in communes widows and widowers, minors in group homes, and some clergy members.

politics

The word politics comes from the Greek politikos meaning citizens, civic, civil, and political Government is the formal, organized energy that exercises power and control in modern society.

4 characteristics of a Profession

Theortical knowledge "why is the cut deep" expert Self- regulating practice (self- discipline) Authority over clients (leadership) Community orientation rather than self-interest Tradition progression Academia, law, medicine, ministry

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Totalitarianism is the most extreme and modern version of authoritarianism.

Who rules America;

Who rules America; pluralist model, power is held by a variety of org & institutions each w/its own resources & interests. E.g. corporations, political parties, professional organizations, and ethnic & religious groups.

Cycle of violence

a common behavior pattern in abusive relationships; the cycle begins happily, then the relationship grows tense, and the tension explodes in abuse, followed by a period of contrition that allows the cycle to repeat.

Monarchy

a government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family. "Divine right" chosen by God. Divided into two categories: absolute (too much power) and constitutional.

interpretive community-

a group of like-minded people who enjoy cultural productsin the same way. e.g. like the same shows,.

Nuclear family-

a heterosexual couple w/one or more children living in a single household

Extended family-

a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity.

Synergy

a mutually beneficial interaction btw parts of an org that allows them to create something greater than the sum of their individual outputs. E.g. "cross-promote" a company might produce a movie that is adapted from a book it published, distributed the film to theaters it owns, advertise & review it in company newspapers & magazines.

Intrinsic religiosity-

a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine.

Extrinsic religiosity-

a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith.

communitarian ism

a political and moral philosophy focused on strengthening civil society and communal bonds., for society to function properly it must have communal vales and set social policies according to those values

Democracy-

a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate

Ritual-

a practice based on religious beliefs

Profession:

a prestigious, white color occupation that requires extensive formal training. Opposite blue or pink collar

Belief-

a proposition or idea held on the basis of faith

Family-

a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties, or a combination of all three The U.S Census bureau defines family as two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption living in the same household.

Communism-

a system of government that eliminates private property; the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there no class distinction.

Evangelical-

a term describing conservative Christians who emphasize converting others to their faith.

Monotheistic-

a term describing religions that worship a single divine figure.

Unchurched-

a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions.

active audiences-

a term used to characterize audience members as active participants in "reading" or constructing the meaning of the media they consume.

encoding/decoding model-

a theory of media combing models that privilege the media producer and models that view the audience as the primary source of meaning; this theory recognizes that media text are created to deliver specific messages and that individuals actively interpret them.

Sweatshop-

a workplace where workers are subject to extreme exploitation, including below-standard wages, long hours, and poor working conditions that may pose health or safely hazards. Sometimes businesses will classify workers as "independent contractors" even though they do the same work in the same place as regular workers. These workers received minimal wages and worked excessive hours under unsanitary and dangerous conditions.

Extrinsic value-

added, acquired (outside)

Union-

an association of workers who bargain collectively for increased wages and benefits and better working conditions. "walkout" "strike"

Globalization-

describe the cultural and economic changes that have occurred as a result of dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early 21st centuries. Supporters of globalization believe that "free trade" can lead to more efficient allocation of recourses, lower prices, more employment, and higher output, with all countries involved in the trade benefitting.

agenda-setting theory-

focuses on how the mass media can influence the public by the way stories are presentation in the news. e.g. by selecting or adding certain news stories & excluding others.

A conflict study-

former teacher Jonathan Kozol wrote a savage inequality (1991), which describes his ethnographic study of public schools in Chicago and its suburbs. He found that because schools are funded by local property taxes, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools, which reinforces inequality.

Capitalism-

freedom & equality

scab labor-

from taking their jobs while they are out on strike

Instrumental tasks

generally achieve a tangible goal. Physical work. (washing the dishes, fixing the gutters)

Expressive tasks

generally achieve emotional or relational goals (remembering relatives' birthdays, playing chutes and ladders w/the kids)

lifestyle enclaves

groups of people drawn together by shared interests, esp those relating to hobbies, sports, and media.

textual poaching-

henry jenkins's term describing the ways that audience members manipulate an original cultural product to create a new one; a common way for fans to exert some control over the media they consume.

Tracking-

in which students are identified as gifted or placed into remedial education, teach us about success and achievement and our chances for both.

Neglect-

inadequate nutrition, insufficient clothing or shelter, and unhygienic or unsafe living conditions for a child. Incest- is another form of child abuse that exploits the trust that children must place in their caregivers. Inappropriate sexual relationships between parents and children have devastating lifelong consequences for child victims

Family 2-

includes the above, or who are part of a relationship in which there is long term commitment and mutual aid and support (sociological definition)

Early college high schools-

institutions in which students earn a high school diploma & 2 years of credit towards a bachelor's degree.

Outsourcing-

involves "contracting out" or transferring to another country the labor that a company might otherwise have employed its own staff to perform. Their decision to outsource is made for financial reasons and is usually achieved by transferring employment to locations where labor is cheap.

Fundamentalism-

is a way of understanding and interpreting sacred texts that can be part of any denomination or sect.

Recreation

is any activity that is satisfying or amusing, experienced as refreshing for body and mind.

Education-

is the central means by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively.

Leisure

is time that can be spent doing whatever you want, or just relaxing.

Pygmalion effect-

labeling & self-fulfilling prophecy.

antitrust legislation-

laws designed to maintain competition in the marketplace by prohibiting monopolies. price fixing, or other forms of collusion among businesses. e.g. further discouraging monopolies from forming.

Antimiscegenation-

laws in several U.S. states that prohibited the mixing of racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, or sexual interaction.

Socialization-

less freedom & less equality

Homo-gamy

literally means "like marries like" we tend to choose mates who are similar to us in class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education, and even levels of attractiveness.

Cohabitation-

living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple

Serial mono/gamy-

marry different times. E.g. Larry King did it 9 times

Secular-

nonreligious; a secular society separates church and state and does not endorse any religion.

Commodification

of recreational activities: where people formerly made their own fun, they now purchase it as goods and services. E.g. instead of playing softball or soccer, they watch sports on tv

Polygamy-

or having multiple spouses, may be practiced among some subcultures around the world, but is not widely acknowledge as a legitimate form of marriage.

Monogamy-

or marrying only one individual at a time is still considered the only legal form of marriage in modern culture.

School vouchers-

payments from the government to parents whose children attend falling public schools: the money helps parents pay private school institution.

Independent or third sector-

the part of the economy composed of nonprofit org; their workers are mission driven, rather than profit driven, and direct surplus funds to the causes they support. It plays a significant part in the American system of pluralism, operating alongside the first two sectors of government and business while helping to strengthen and make them work better.

Custody-

the physical and legal responsibility of caring for children; assigned by a court for divorced or unmarried parents.

Conglomeration

the process by which a single corporation acquires ownership of a variety of otherwise unrelated business. E.g. sea gram's (alcoholic beverages) produces film, tv & music.

concentration

the process by which the # of companies producing & distributing a particular commodity decrease, often through mergers and conglomeration. e.g.

Information revolution-

the recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in the ability to manage information. Aka digital age

Religiosity-

the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious belief to an individual.

Industrial revolution-

the road transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began w/the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization.

Agricultural revolution-

the social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production.

two-step flow model-

theory on media effects that suggests audiences get information through opinion leaders who influence their attitudes and beliefs, rather than through direct 1sthand sources. e.g. Oprah

reinforcement theory-

theory that individuals tend to seek out & listen to only those messages that are in alignment with their existing attitudes & beliefs.

civil society

those orgs, institutions and intersctions outside government, family, and work that promote social bonds and the smooth functioning of society.

Knowledge workers-

those who work primarily with information and who create value in the economy through ideas, judgments, analyses, designs, or innovations. Work w/their head rather than hands

Service workers-

those whose work involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods.

Fictive kin

to refer to people who are not related to us through blood or through marriage. Such kin are created through closely knit friendships the family.

Community colleges-

two-year institutions that provide students w/general education and facilitate transfer to a four year university.

Second shift

unpaid labor inside the home; often expected of women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home.

Hidden curriculum-

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and teaching methods used.

Resistance strategies-

ways that workers express discontent w/their working conditions and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor.

Polygyny-

where a man is married to multiple wives Polyandry- where a woman has multiple husbands has been documented in Tibet but is the rarer form of polygamy

Boomerang kids

who leave home at 18 to attend college but often return home for at least a short period of time afterward.

Spin doctors-

who manipulate rhetoric to give it a positive appearance designed to be catchy and compelling while not necessarily delivering much substance.

Telecommuting-

working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology.