Chapter 11

Which of the following are aspects of religious beliefs?

- Gives meaning to one's life - Facilitates coping with crises - Provides social support

According to positive psychology as originally formulated, which of the following are components of authentic happiness?

- Positive emotions - Engagement in life - Meaning in life

Match the methods of quitting smoking with their descriptions

- Reduces cravings: Prescription drugs such as Chantix or Willbutrin - Smoking e-cigarettes, chewing nicotine gum, or wearing a nicotine patch: Nicotine replacement therapy - Method used by 90% of people who have quit permanently: Quitting "cold turkey" on one's own - Teaching people alternative ways of dealing with stress: Behavioral treatment

What percentage of college students do NOT get the recommended amount of sleep (about 8 hours) per night?

60%

Being very overweight is...

A major health problem in contemporary society It is linked to both overeating and genetic factors

Research suggests that the average adult smoker, compared to the nonsmoker...

Can place to live about a decade less

Research on the fight-or-flight response has been criticized by Taylor and others for...

Focusing too exclusively on the response of males

Regarding causes of obesity, what is the best summary of the relationship between genetic and environmental influences?

Genetics determines whether a person can become obese, but environment determines whether that person will become obese

According to the 60 Minutes video, "The Science of Sleep," sleep deprivation is associated with what?

Greater activation in regions of the brain associated with responding to emotion, like the amygdala, after seeing a negative image

Compared to the medical model of health, the biopsychosocial model is...

Includes more factors

Identify each source of stress as either a major life stressor or a daily hassle

Major Life Stressor: - Getting married - Being named in a lawsuit Daily Hassle: - Living in crowded conditions - Chronic overwork

____ is NOT a phase of the general adaptation syndrome

Nonspecific stress Stage is: Alarm -> Resistance -> Exhaustion

The placebo effect is most often based on...

Patient expectations about the placebo's effectiveness

The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as...

Positive or negative Eustress: Positive stress Distress: Negative stress

Match each category of the biopsychosocial model with its related example

Psychological: - Thinking positively - Getting enough sleep Social: - Having a jogging buddy - Spending time with friends Biological: -Being born with a well-functioning liver - Having a strong immune system

Match each stage of the general adaptation syndrome with the physiological changes that occur during that stage

- Alarm Stage: Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure go up, while resistance to infection briefly goes down - Exhaustion Stage: Physiological and immune systems fail - Resistance Stage: The immune system increases its activity in an attempt to fight off the stressors

Match each state of the general adaptation syndrome with the physiological changes that occur during that stage

- Alarm Stage: breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure go up, while resistance to infection briefly goes down - Exhaustion Stage: Physiological and immune system fail - Resistance Stage: The immune system increases its activity in an attempt to fight off the stressors

Research on the effects of exercise has shown that it can have beneficial effects on

- Memory - Cognition - Depression

According to the World Health Organization and other sources, which of the following are some trends in obesity rates?

- More than 1 in 20 Americans is extremely obese - Obesity rates are rising faster in developing countries than developed ones - About 1 in 6 children in the United States is obese

What factors contribute to obesity?

- People eat more when there is a wide variety of food, such as at buffets - For overweight people, food triggers more activity in the brain centers involved with reward - People eat more when given larger portions, such as in many restaurants

Match the terms about coping with their definitions

- Primary Appraisal: Deciding if something is stressful, benign, or irrelevant - Emotion-Focused Coping: Downplaying or preventing an emotional response to a stressor -Secondary Appraisal: Deciding how to respond to a stressor - Problem-Focused Coping: Taking direct steps to solve the problem

What is one consequence of not getting adequate sleep?

- Psychological distress - Impact on academic performance - Immune system weakens

Identify ways in which people with hardy or stress-resistant personalities deal with stressful events

- See stressors as challenging - Show commitment to work through problems - See themselves as having control

Compared to the traditional Western medical model, which of the following are new health psychology insights that add to our understanding of health and disease?

- The role of mental states in regulating health - The importance of lifestyle factors to physical health

Identify how weight is perceived in industrialized countries and in developing countries

Industrialized Countries: - Thinness is preferred among upper classes - Overweight is viewed as less attractive - Overweight is associated with lower socioeconomic status Developing Countries: - Overweight is preferred among upper classes - Overweight is associated with giving birth more successfully - Overweight is associated with higher socioeconomic status

A health psychologist studying why someone is obese would seek to answer a range of questions. Based on the biopsychosocial model of health, identify the following questions as addressing either psychological or social factors

Psychosocial Factors: - What behaviors lead to overeating? - How does the person think about good and eating? Social Factors: - Does the person's family have set times that they eat, and what emphasis do they place on food at family holidays? - Does the person have a group of friends who always eat together?

Identify the following characteristics as belonging to either restrained eaters, who are prone to excessive eating and are often on diets, or unrestrained eaters

Restrained Eaters: - Deciding when and what to eat relies on mental control - In a 2011 study, drinking a milkshake caused interested in food afterward - Binge eating is triggered by the perception that one has broken one's diet Unrestrained Eaters: - Food intake is controlled by feelings of hunger and fullness

Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is...

Stigmatized in some of them and respected in others

Identify each event as either a sympathetic nervous system response or a hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress

Sympathetic Nervous System: - Increased heart rate - Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine - Increased blood pressure - Increased respiration HPA Axis: - Release of cortisol - Increase of glucose in the bloodstream - Activation of the pituitary gland

Given research on the life expectancy disparities between whites and African Americans, and female and male Americans, identify the following statements as either true or false

True: - African American females have a longer life expectancy than African American males - African American males have a shorter life expectancy than white males False: - There are no health disparities in life expectancy in the United States - White males have a longer life expectancy than African American females - White females have a shorter life expectancy than white males

Identify the following statements about anoreixia nervosa as either true or false

True: - Anorexia has a significant mortality rate - Anorexia may follow failure to lose weight in a more controlled fashion False: - Anorexia primarily affects upper-class Caucasian girls - Between 5-10% of adolescent girls suffer from anorexia at some b=point - Anorexia is far more prevalent in Europe and North America than elsewhere

Identify the following statements about the effects of stress and lifestyle choices on the immune system as either true or false

True: - Anxious people have vulnerable immune systems - Our bodies' ability to fight infection is correlated with the number of desirable or undesirable events in our life - Alcohol consumption and lack of sleep can make people vulnerable to illness or infection False: - Smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise increase the frequency of colds - Long-term stress increases lymphocyte production

Identify the following statements about aerobic exercise as either true or false

True: - It is as effective as medications for preventing diabetes and heart disease - It is useful in the treatment of depression and addiction - It leads to better healing of wounds - It leads to brain growth in the hippocampus False: The benefits of exercise only apply to people who have been exercising all their lives