Chapter 11

Restrict each main point to

a single idea

unity, coherence, and balance

a well organized speech is characterized by

subordinate points

an idea that is _________ to another is given relatively less weight; are indicated by their indentation below the more important points

roman numeral outline

an outline format in which main points are enumerated with Roman numerals (I, II, III), supporting points with capital letters (A, B, C), third level points with arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), and fourth level points with lowercase letters (a, b, c)

transitions help

introduce main points, illustrate cause and effect, signal explanations and examples, emphasize, repeat, compare, or contrast ideas, summarize and preview information, suggest conclusions from evidence

thesis

is supported by main points, main points are strengthened by supporting points, and supporting points consist of carefully chosen evidence and examples

coherence

it is organized clearly and logically, using the principles of coordination and subordination to align speech points in order of importance

Recency effect

listeners have the best recall of speech points made at the end of a speech

______ _______ as a body; _______ __________ as legs

main point, supporting points; without at least 2 legs, the body cannot stand

to emphasize significance

most important; above all; remember; keep in mind

main points should be:

mutually exclusive of one another

to indicate additional examples

not only; in addition to; let's look at

contrast ideas

on the other hand; and yet; at the same time; in spite of; however; in contrast

supporting points

organize the evidence you have gathered to explain (in an informative speech) or justify (in a persuasive speech) the main points.

spend time __________ speech points

organizing

Main points come after

Specific purpose and thesis statement

to summarize

in conclusion; in summary; finally; let me conclude by saying

parallel form

in similar grammatical form and style

For most speeches, and especially those delivered in the classroom, between _____ & _______ points should be sufficient.

2 to 5

transitions

are words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as he or she moves from one point to the next. (Also called connectives) are truly critical component of speeches because listeners cannot go back and re-read what they might have missed

illustrate cause and effect

as a result; hence; because; thus; consequently

preview statement

briefly introduces audience members to the ideas that the speaker will address; briefly mentions the main points and thesis of the speech

internal summary

draws together important ideas before the speaker proceeds to another speech point

declarative sentence

each main point asserts or claims somethings

supporting materials

examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics

speech body should:

expand upon the introduction and the conclusion should summarize the body

Main Points

express the key ideas of the speech.

to illustrate sequence of time and events

first; second; third; following this; later; earlier, at present; in the past

coordinate points

ideas that are _________ are given equal weight; are indicated by their parallel alignment

Transitions

serve as mental bridges that help establish coherence

body of a speech

should always be the longest part

introduction and conclusion

should roughly be the same length

main points

should support the thesis statement

comparisons

similarly; in the same way; likewise; just as

balance

suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme

indentation

supporting points appear in a subordinate position to main points

Transitions between _____________ _______ can be handled using single words, phrases or full sentences

supporting points; next, first (second, third, and so forth) similarly, we now turn, if you think that's shocking, consider this

primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a speech

coordination and subordination

the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another

internal preview

to signal a shift from one point to another

unity

when it contains only those points implied by the specific purpose and thesis statements

full-sentence transitions

when moving one point to another