chapter 11

"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of ____. a. drive b. habit strength c. magnitude of conditioning d. reflex reserve e. magnitude of a respondent

a

A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it ____. a. was first adopted by physics b. validated their desire for greater consistency in the science of psychology c. validated the use of rats to determine basic laws of human behavior d. facilitated a new relationship with research endeavors in medicine e. was easy to apply to experiments

a

Bandura argues that what changes a person's behavior is ____. a. what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is b. the actual schedule of reinforcement c. their free will d. the result of his or her intelligence e. None of the choices are correct.

a

Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ____. a. are self-activated b. require observable S-R contiguity c. require reinforcement for acquisition d. occur in one trial e. are often overlooked because of the focus on acts rather than movements

a

Bridgman argued that a construct must be ____. a. measurable b. able to be manipulated under controlled laboratory conditions c. measurable in terms of its effects on behavior d. invisible to experimenters e. All of the choices are correct.

a

For Bridgman, a construct was acceptable if and only if it ____. a. could be objectively measured b. was detectable by the instruments used in physics c. was observable by humans and simultaneously detectable by instruments used in physics d. was confined to the domain of human experiences (animal psychology was unacceptable) e. could be measured qualitatively as well as quantitatively

a

For Skinner, the dependent variable is the ____. a. rate of response b. force of the response c. velocity of the response d. number of trials to criterion e. number of reinforced trials

a

Hull's concept of motivation is grounded in the doctrine of ____. a. biology b. drive reduction c. the hypothetico-deductive method d. induction e. the variability hypothesis

a

The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it is called ____. a. positivism b. science c. operationism d. mechanism e. determinism

c

The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ____. a. practice b. repetition c. reinforcement d. the operant e. stimulus control

c

The term intervening variable refers to ____. a. irrelevant stimuli in the conditioning setting b. cognitive factors that may either interfere with or facilitate conditioning c. internal processes that "connect" the stimulus with a response d. an explanation for insight learning e. preventive conditioning

c

This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined, lawful, and orderly" just as his system would predict. a. Pavlov b. Watson c. Tolman d. Hull e. Skinner

e

Whereas a concern of Skinner was the improvement of society through his technology of behavior, Bandura's is more specific, namely the ____. a. alleviation of abnormal behavior b. reduction of media violence c. identification of the characteristics that are most potent d. identification of factors that influence locus of control e. identification of the observable referents of self-efficacy

z

According to Schultz and Schultz, Hull's "greatest asset was ____." a. an intense motivation to succeed b. an intellect greater than that of his contemporaries c. the quiet perseverance learned from his father d. his inherited wealth e. the social connections he made

a

Hull's experiments were directed by ____. a. deduced theorems and corollaries b. equations c. objective definitions d. the limitations of the rat and maze method e. and limited to respondent conditioning

a

Hull's primary research focus was grounded in ____. a. Pavlov's laws of conditioning b. respondent behavior c. Watson's behaviorism d. Estes's stimulus-sampling hypothesis e. None of the choices are correct.

a

Hull's training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ____. a. mathematics b. vectors (response directions and strengths) c. valences (reward values) d. field theory e. biology

a

In Hull's system, habit strength is ____. a. the strength of the S-R connection b. evidence of latent learning c. a function of the number of reinforcements d. a function of the size of the drive e. a function of the size of the reward (incentive)

a

Skinner's former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo? a. Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world. b. Behaviorism is a very lucrative business after receiving a Ph.D. from Skinner. c. Animals, like humans, are intelligent and have vastly complex minds. d. Behaviorism is useless to solving real-world problems. e. There are many hardships associated with animal psychology.

a

The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ____, who did not receive acclaim for the text until 50 years later. a. Skinner b. Washburn c. Tolman d. Hull e. Frost

a

The main criticism of Bandura's system is ____. a. the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior b. that cognitive processes are as mystical as consciousness c. that cognitive processes have no physiological or physical referents d. the importance he attributes to modeling e. the importance he attributes to the construct of self-efficacy

a

The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ____. a. behavior modification b. chaining c. trial-and-learning d. omission training e. sneaky

a

Throughout his professional career, Hull emphasized ____. a. objective methods and functional laws b. the importance of being open-minded c. that psychology must, above all, stress the basic d. the importance of schedules of reinforcement

a

Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as ____. a. having no influence on the animal's overt behavior b. defined by intervening variables c. necessary for learning to take place d. being the animal's private business and therefore of no interest to him e. important but unobservable by any means

a

Tolman's concept of cognitive maps, i.e., that the animal learns the "whole," might be traced to his work ____. a. with Koffka on Gestalt psychology during graduate school b. with Lewin and Lewin's system of the "life space" c. with Lewin and Lewin's use of topology and geometry to explain behavior d. in engineering at Harvard e. with the OSS in World War II

a

Who authored an early study of the effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency? a. Hull b. Spence c. Miller d. Mowrer e. Brown and Farber

a

Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior? a. Skinner b. Hull c. Watson d. Tolman e. Bandura

a

Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology? a. Tolman's b. Guthrie's c. Lewin's d. Wertheimer's e. Köhler's

a

For Hull, drive reduction is ____. a. an intervening variable b. the sole basis for reinforcement c. an independent variable d. a dependent variable e. a vector

b

For Tolman, a cognitive map is ____. a. the same as consciousness b. a pattern of sign Gestalts c. a set of S-R cues d. a set of motor habits e. None of the choices are correct.

b

Hull had an immense knowledge of ____ and ____. a. biology and chemistry b. formal logic and mathematics c. mathematics and operationism d. behavior and thought processes e. psychology and the occult

b

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method? a. Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior. Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior. b. From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary. c. Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning. Once the theory is formed, there is no need to test the theory, since theory is more important than data. d. Any of the choices might be correct, depending on the circumstances. e. None of the choices are correct.

b

If seeing McDonald's golden arches decreases your hunger, then the arches are ____. a. primary reinforcement b. secondary reinforcement c. habits d. organismic variables e. dependent variables

b

If we define consciousness in terms of EEG output, then the construct of consciousness is ____. a. acceptable to materialists b. acceptable to operationists c. still a metaphysical construct d. still lacks epistemological meaningfulness e. inappropriate

b

In Tolman's system, the repetition of an act leads to ____. a. no change in the habit strength b. sign Gestalts c. knowledge of environment cues d. cognitive awareness of the environment cues e. the combination of movements into acts

b

Operationism means that a concept ____. a. must be defined in logical terms b. is synonymous with its methods of measurement c. must be mathematical d. operates to control human mental processes e. All of the choices are correct.

b

Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid. In both cases, they must select ____. a. applied psychology principles b. schedules of reinforcement c. rates of responding d. only continuous schedules e. extinction schedules

b

Secondary drives are ____. a. those less vital than primary drives b. learned drives c. those not included in the categories of food, liquid, or warmth d. those not associated with food, water, or warmth e. those that occur in uncontrolled (nonexperimental) situations such as "real life"

b

Skinner pursued graduate work in psychology at Harvard ____. a. because he was inspired by William James b. because he was awed by the work of Watson and Pavlov c. after reading Bridgman's work on operationism d. after reading Berman's (1927) The Religion Called Behaviorism e. because a woman he was interested in also went there

b

Skinner raised his daughter in an "air crib" with the result that she ____. a. is a behaviorally disturbed individual b. was not adversely affected c. took longer to be cared for than children raised by traditional methods d. refused to look at people as an adult e. was unable to sleep in a regular bed

b

The "third stage" of behaviorism refers to ____. a. the advent of humanism b. sociobehaviorism c. the reframing of psychoanalytic concepts in behavioristic terms d. the implementation of behaviorism's laws of learning in clinical psychology e. the return to Watsonian thought

b

The learning theorist ____ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success. a. Tolman b. Hull c. Skinner d. Bandura e. Rotter

b

To the end of his life, Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it ____. a. ignored biological factors b. was a science of the mind c. could not explain cognition d. did not adapt to the changing world e. was not a natural science in its methods

b

Watson's behaviorism ____. a. transformed psychology overnight b. was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought c. was essentially the same as neobehaviorism d. lead directly to the cognitive revolution e. eventually was abandoned by psychology

b

What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy? a. The former emphasizes success and failure whereas the latter emphasizes mental state. b. The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it. c. The latter emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the former ignores it. d. The latter is not a useful construct whereas the former is. e. The latter is the basis of sociobehaviorism whereas the former is an elaboration of it.

b

A criticism of Skinner's work is his ____. a. use of the hypothetico-deductive method b. emphasis on positive reinforcement and rejection of punishment c. willingness to extrapolate from the data, especially with regard to human behavior d. work on instinctive behavior e. unassailable adherence to operationism

c

A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ____. a. the importance of human subjects b. learning and conditioning as the crux of the science of psychology c. operationism d. positivism e. the rejection of the concept of consciousness

c

According to Schultz and Schultz, "perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ____. a. Watson b. Tolman c. Hull d. Holt e. Skinner

c

For Bandura, the agent who controls the ____ controls behavior. a. reinforcers b. punishers c. models d. stimuli e. expectancies

c

For Skinner, what is the primary characteristic of living things? a. oxygen b. life on earth c. behavior d. stimuli e. All of the choices are correct.

c

For Tolman, each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism's ___. a. learned responses b. learned associations c. expectations d. response cues e. habit strength

c

From the 1940s to the 1960s, who dominated American psychology? a. Tolman's students and disciples b. functional theorists c. Hullians d. radical behaviorists e. Skinnerians

c

From the 1950s to the 1980's, American Psychology was shaped more by the work of ____ than by the work of any other psychologist. a. Tolman b. Hull c. Skinner d. Tolman. e. Mowrer

c

Hull's law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ____. a. Hartley's law of contiguity b. Rotter's locus of control c. Thorndike's law of effect d. Thorndike's law of exercise e. Skinner's continuous reinforcement principle

c

In Hull's system, drive ____. a. is a specific consequence of a specific state manipulated by the experimenter b. directs behavior toward a specific goal c. energizes behavior d. is always learned e. is a respondent

c

In Tolman's system, intervening variables were ____. a. observable b. dependent variables c. the determinants of behavior d. independent variables e. as useful as the notion of consciousness

c

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ____. a. demonstrate the role of reinforcement in learning b. provide the basic foundation from which other studies could be devised in order to replicate the results with other species c. provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals d. yield basic information on motivation and motivation e. serve as an intervening variable between higher and lower species

c

Of all the neobehaviorists, the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ____. a. Tolman b. Rotter c. Hull d. Skinner e. Bridgman

c

Operationism was formulated by ____. a. John B. Watson b. B.F. Skinner c. Percy Bridgman d. Edward Tolman e. Clark Hull

c

Secondary drives are ____. a. innate drives b. biologically driven c. a result of pairing with a primary drive d. only used to reduce pain responses e. reinforced only when primary drives are satisfied

c

The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____. a. perception b. the neurophysiology of the brain c. learning d. unconscious mental processes e. None of the choices are correct.

c

The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____. a. 1913-1958 b. 1925-1938 c. 1930-1960 d. 1930-1990 e. 1904-1990

c

Tolman's position on Thorndike's law of effect was to ____. a. accept it b. accept it as long as reward or reinforcement was omitted from the law c. reject it d. incorporate it into his own purposive behavior theory e. None of the choices are correct.

c

Which of the following philosophers is discussed by Skinner in the "In Their Own Words" section of the text? a. Nietzsche b. John Stuart Mill c. Descartes d. Berkeley e. James Mill

c

According to Tolman's learning theory, as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze, the rat has acquired a ____. a. Habit b. Drive c. Tropism d. cognitive map e. good habit

d

Animals tend to substitute instinctive behaviors for behaviors that have been reinforced. This tendency is called ____. a. contrariness b. reinforcement drift c. reinforcement flow d. instinctual drift e. reward flow

d

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions. Such an approach appears similar to whose research method? a. Newton's b. Tolman's c. Guthrie's d. Hull's e. Wundt's

d

Edward C. Tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ____. a. molar behavior b. stimulus-response associations c. intervening behaviorism d. purposive behaviorism e. goal setting theory

d

For Tolman, the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ____. a. that the rat readily leaves the start box of a maze b. that the rat behaves so as to obtain food c. that the animal changes its speed of running when the reward size is altered d. learning e. sign Gestalts

d

From 1930 until the 1960s, the ____ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists. a. human being b. white man c. white bunny d. white rat e. cat

d

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____. a. field theory b. vectors (response directions and strengths) c. valences (reward values) d. mathematics e. behavior

d

Hull's form of behaviorism was ____ than ____. a. much freer of intervening variables; Tolman's b. much less free of intervening variables; Tolman's c. less sophisticated and complex; Watson's d. more sophisticated and complex; Watson's

d

Operationism was ____. a. a major characteristic of neobehaviorism b. intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems c. intended to make the language of science more objective and precise d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

d

The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ____. a. Descartes b. Comte c. Mach d. the British empiricists e. the French materialists

d

The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they ____. a. obscure the consciousness versus behaviorist distinction b. are positivist c. are observable d. are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs e. have been reified

d

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ____. a. simple observation b. systematic controlled observation c. experimental testing of hypotheses d. the hypothetico-deductive method e. one-trial learning

d

Thorndike and Hull agreed that, in order for learning to occur, the organism must ____. a. form cognitive maps of the situation b. represent the environment in terms of mental elements c. have a need state d. experience reinforcement occurring after a response e. None of the choices are correct.

d

Tolman described ____ as alternatively "creepy" and "delightful." a. Watson's ideas b. operational definitions c. intervening variables d. white laboratory rats e. the laboratories in which he worked

d

Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli) affect processes within the organism. These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response). These internal processes are known as ____. a. operational variables b. mental sets c. cognitive variables d. intervening variables e. concrete variables

d

Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior? a. environmental stimuli b. physiological drives c. heredity d. motivation e. age

d

Which of the following men devoted 10 years to the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility? a. Dollard b. Tolman c. Pavlov d. Hull e. Miller

d

A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ____. a. striving for superiority b. self-esteem c. self-concept d. feelings of inferiority e. self-efficacy

e

A schedule of reinforcement ____. a. lists which behaviors can be conditioned b. depicts the steps necessary to establish an operant response c. is not used by operant researchers d. depicts the steps necessary to establish a respondent e. determines when reinforcement occurs

e

A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ____. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio e. vicarious

e

Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn's sense of the term) in psychology, one would have to implement which method? a. simple observation b. systematic controlled observation c. experimental testing of hypotheses d. operant conditioning e. the hypothetico-deductive method

e

Hull's background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ____. a. his development of statistical analysis methods b. his invention of a machine to calculate correlations c. the use of postulates and axioms in his system d. his description and explanation of behavior in mathematical equations e. All of the choices are correct.

e

Hull's system sought to describe and explain ____. a. respondent behavior b. operant behavior c. intervening variables d. referents of consciousness e. all behavior

e

Hull's work contributed to which of the following? a. the hypothetico-deductive method b. learning theory c. drive reduction theory d. increasing generalizability e. A, B, and C

e

In Hull's system, a drive is a(n) ____. a. intervening variable b. stimulus c. response d. intervening variable and stimulus e. All of the choices are correct.

e

In Hull's system, the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ____. a. purposive behavior b. intervening variables c. the length of deprivation of a physiological need d. the degree of satisfaction the organism expects e. reinforcement

e

Skinner claimed that he studied ____ while Pavlov studied ____. a. free behavior; reflexive behavior b. acquired behavior; reflexive behavior c. elicited behavior; emitted behavior d. explanations; descriptions e. operant behavior; respondent behavior

e

Skinner defined a reflex as a(n) ____. a. objectively observable product of the autonomic nervous system b. intervening variable c. respondent d. S-R connection e. S-R correlation and nothing more

e

Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the ____. a. importance of contiguity b. importance of reinforcement c. focus on operants rather than on respondents d. quantification of responses e. lack of theoretical framework

e

Skinner's research was unique among that of the major neobehaviorists in his ____. a. use of the single-subject design b. relative lack of a theoretical framework c. concern with describing rather than explaining behavior d. rejection of variables inside the organism e. All of the choices are correct.

e

The central difference between Skinner's law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull's position on learning is that ____. a. Skinner thought that all behavior is controlled by reinforcement whereas Thorndike and Hull did not think reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur b. There is none because all were interested in acquisition, not learning c. For Thorndike and Hull human behavior is purposive and controlled by free will whereas Skinner was a strict determinist d. Thorndike and Hull were concerned with description; Skinner was concerned with explanation e. Skinner's law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull's positions are explanatory

e

The success of Skinner's book The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ____. a. how clearly it was written b. the Zeitgeist, demonstrated by its immediate success c. the publicity about and popularity of the air crib d. the utopia he described in Walden Two and the book's popularity among college students in the 1950s e. the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

e

Throughout his life, Hull ____. a. remained one of the wealthiest psychologists b. kept himself in top physical condition c. was able to run races faster than most of his contemporaries d. had inadequate laboratory facilities e. suffered from poor health and eyesight

e

Tolman's graduate training was in ____, as is reflected in his later work. a. philosophy b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. behaviorism e. Both B and C

e

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive? a. hunger b. defecation c. sleep d. pain relief e. exercise

e

Who drew a distinction between operant behavior and respondent behavior? a. Pavlov b. Hull c. Watson d. Tolman e. Skinner

e