Chapter 11

There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following? slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane blockage of Ca2+ diffusion into the axon hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

NOT inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane NOT

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? thalamus medulla oblongata hypothalamus cerebellum cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases? meningitis Parkinson's disease rabies Alzheimer's disease epilepsy

Alzheimer's disease

Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. True False

False

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________. mitochondrion; neurons neurons; mitochondrion neurotransmitters; Ca2+ Ca2+; neurotransmitter vesicles; neurons

NOT neurotransmitters; Ca2+ NOT

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement? Parkinson's disease epilepsy encephalitis Alzheimer's disease rabies

Parkinson's disease

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one? Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata. Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters. Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity. Many psychoactive drugs lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction.

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one? The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission. The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system. The myelin sheath speeds up transmission of action potentials. The myelin sheath insulates a neuron and saves the neuron energy.

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.

Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump? The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell. The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out. Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell. The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell. Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system. True False

True

The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction. True False

True

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system. somatic postsynaptic sensory autonomic endocrine

autonomic

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the thalamus. occipital lobe. cerebellum. pons. medulla oblongata.

cerebellum.

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid. glial, Schwann, and interstitial. fore, mid, and hind meninges. pleura, parietal, and arachnoid. dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater.

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the hypothalamus. medulla oblongata. frontal lobe. thalamus. midbrain.

hypothalamus.

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system? increased digestion and absorption decreased respiratory rate decreased heart rate increased bladder contraction increased blood pressure

increased blood pressure

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following? motor neurons glial cells interneurons macrophages sensory neurons

interneurons

Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________. cerebral cortex; hypothalamus limbic system; cerebral cortex limbic system; hypothalamus cerebral cortex; limbic system hypothalamus; cerebral cortex

limbic system; cerebral cortex

Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs? dendrites motor neurons neuroglia sensory neurons interneurons

motor neurons

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron? depolarization reestablishment of resting potential repolarization saltatory propagation both depolarization and repolarization

repolarization

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential. refractory graded depolarization action resting

resting

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment? autonomic division sensory division motor division parasympathetic division sympathetic division

sensory division

Saltatory conduction is an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds. the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon. the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft. the activation of the fight-or-flight response. the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain? acetylcholine somatostatin epinephrine endorphins serotonin

endorphins

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one? Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump. An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon. Action potentials temporarily reverse the polarization of the axon membrane. Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage. Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase.

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.