Chapter 11 and 12 History

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Radicals of the Reformation

Anabaptists, spiritualists, antrinitarians

Book of Common Prayer

Anglican service book of the Church of England; revised to be more acceptable to Catholics; first written by thomas cramer then elizabeth revised it

Catherine of Aragon

When Henry VIII needed a son to continue the Tudor dynasty, and he found out his wife Catherine of Aragon could not give him one (only a daughter, Mary), he sought an annulment. Of course, the Catholic Church denied him one, and in return Henry VIII split England from the Catholic Church.

James (england)

mary queen of scots son; was forced to leave him in scotland after her love killed her husband

Diet of Worms

meeting that addressed Luther's debate against John Eck in which he questioned the infallibility of the pope and church councils; in this meeting, Luther is ordered to recant his beliefs, which he refuses to do because to do so would be "against his conscience"; consequently, he is declared an outlaw

swedish-french period

most devastating period of war; french entered war openly; they looted germany who were unable to do anything; 1/3 of German population died; treaty of westphalia was issue

Catherine de Medici (France)

mother during war; first tried to make compromise during french religious war; first sided with guise; then bourbon; then planned to kill protestants

Sir Francis Drake (England)

(1540-1596) "Sea dog" who, at the encouragement of Elizabeth, plundered in the name of Protestant England against Spanish ships and settlements; 1st englishmen to circumlate globe

Battle of Lepanto

(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope; Don Jon was the spanish leader

Habsburg

(Austria & Spain), A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Valois

(France), This was a French dynasty, later replaced by the Bourbons, that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal troops

henry IV

- Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."

Diet of Augsburg

1530; meeting called by Charles V to address the spread of the Reformation; ordered all Protestants to return to the Catholic faith or face consequences

William of Orange (Dutch)

Also known as William the Silent; led the Protestant revolution in the Netherlands; placed political autonomy above religious needs; exiled when duke of alba took over;

French Wars of Religion

1562-1598; Henry II was killed at a party; this caused a weak monarchy; guises took over government; bourbon and montmorency-chatillion favored huguenots; started with massacre at vassy; duke of guise assassinated in first war; conde was killed in 1568; peace of Saint Germain en Laye was issued which ended the third war; then the St. Bartholomew's day massacre occurred; then Henry III came into power and he wanted to go towards a medium path; he gave complete religious freedom to protestants in peace of beaulieu; catholic league forced him to retract this; Henry Naverre and Henry III planned to attack Catholic league; Henry III killed; Henry Naverre takes over; converts to catholicism and issues edict of nantes which gives protestants some rights

Edict of Nantes

1598; created by Henry IV; proclaimed a formal religious settlement; recognized minority religions rights within what was to remain an officially Catholic country; freedom of public worship, assembly, and admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns; they couldn't bring books and could only practice their freedoms in their own towns and territories

Thirty Years War

1618-1648; last and most destructive of the wars of religion; calvinism angry because it wasn't recognized; maximilian of bavaria created a catholic league to counter a new Protestant alliance that had been formed under calvinist frederick IV; four main periods of war (bohemian, danish, swedish, and swedish-french); ended with treaty of westphalia

Peace of Westphalia

1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; written in French; reinforced the peace of augsburg that the ruler of that country decides its religion; gave calvinists their long sought legal recognition; independence of the swiss confederacy and the netherlands was made law; bavaria, prussia, became states; other german princes because supreme over their territory

Presbyterians

A type of Puritan that worked through Parliament to create their alternative national church. They were partially self governed by presbyteries; elizabeth enforced her control over them and stopped them

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24th; 157; medici lied to her son (Charles IX) and told him that the Protestants were planning to overthrow them; but in reality his mom attempted to assassinate coligny but it failed because the protestant wanted to attack spain and france wouldn't have won; she ordered her son to kill huguenots; several thousand were put to death

Predestination

Belief that no matter what a person does, the outcome of life is already determine by God

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save a country from total collapse

Council of Trent

Council of Trent - church council called by Pope Paul III to address the Protestant Reformation; takes place on and off for about 20 years; changes and reforms many church practices, such as forbidding the selling of indulgences or church positions, forcing all absentee bishops back to their dioceses, and ordering priests to clean themselves up and become more holy; does not make any concessions to the Protestant claims or make any changes to the church doctrine (7 sacraments, celibate priests, saints, etc., all remain)

Henry VIII

English king who broke away from the Catholic church because Pope Clement VII would not grant him an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who bore him no sons; started the Anglican religion, which was similar to Catholicism in all ways except for that the king was the head of the English church, not the pope; married Anne Boleyn, who he had beheaded, as well as four other women

Excommunication

Exclusion from Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey church laws

Congregationalists

Extreme Puritans, wanted every congregation to be autonomous with neither episcopal nor presbyterian control.

Martin Luther

German monk and church reformer who wrote the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, which condemned the selling of indulgences and the political power of the pope; his teachings and writings spurred the Protestant Reformation; his beliefs became the foundation for the Lutheran religion; reform in germany

Schmalkaldic League

German protestant states joined together to combat catholic emperor when he wanted to forcibly convert them

Bavaria

German state that supported Catholicism and Jesuits won many cities back while Maximilian I was the duke

peasants revolt

Germany; peasants turned against landlords; luther first supported them then told princes to squash out; didn't help them because he believed in spiritual freedom from guilty and anxiety not politics

English Reformation

Henry the eighth wanted to divorce Catherine of Argon; pope won't let him; so he creates his own religion; convocation made henry the head of the church in england; then official grievances against the church were published; then the submission of clergy which puts all canon law under royal control; king was then made the appeal for all english subjects; the act of succession made his new wives' kids legitimate heirs to the throne; act of supremacy declared henry the only supreme head in earth of the church of england; most of his views for catholic

Spread of Reformation across Europe and why it was not contained

It wasn't contained because for such a long time people were angry with the church.

Henry II (France)

King of France 1547-1559, who successfully kept balance between rival nobles and the Catholics and Huguenots; following his death, the government could not maintain this and war broke out

Mary Stuart (England)

Known as Queen of Scots. Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed by elizabeth

Calvinists

Leader of Calvinists, centered in Geneva, who believed in predestination, hard work, and no religious dissent

Duke of Alba

Leader of the Reign of Terror sent by Phillip II in order to take the Spanish Netherlands. Met with Resistance by William of Orange; led 10,00 people army; levied new taxes; killed several thousand heretics

danish period

Lutheran King Christian VI of Denark entered the war; he faced defeat against maximilian in germany; wallenstein replaced maximilan; Ferdinand issued the edict of restitution which reasserted the catholic safety and made calvinism illegal; forced them to return all church lands

Elizabeth I (England)

Mary I's successor; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; a ruler who subordinated religious to political unity, this person emerged a centralized episcopal system that she firmly controlled with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual.

Union of Utrecht

Northern provinces response to the southern netherland provinces forming the union of arras with spain

benefice system

Permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders and had often failed to enforce the req. that priests and bishops had to live in the area.

Anabaptist

Protestant Religion started by Conrad Grebel that is the origin of the modern Mennonite and Amish religions; believed in adult baptism; were anti-war, pledged no oaths to government, and did not believe in holding political positions; took over a city named Munster, which contained and inadequate number of males, thus starting polygamy; Munster was eventually sieged and destroyed by Catholics and Lutherans; beliefs embodied in the "Schleitheim Confession"

Protestants vs. Catholics....differences bw the 2, why they were "fighting"

Protestants let their clerics marry and have children. Catholics wanted their clerics to be celbic. Protestants didn't believe in indulgences and thought you couldn't buy your way into heaven. Catholics believed in the use of indulgences. They were fighting because they both wanted religious control and believed the opposite group was wrong.

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish soldier who converted to Catholicism and started the Jesuit order

John Calvin

The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented; believed in predestination; drew up articles for governance of the new church and guide and disciple people for geneva; exiled but then brought back; established a church with four offices (pastors, teachers or doctors, elders, deacon)

Henry III (France)

The last of Henry II's sons to wear the French crown. Henry III began his reign as a politique enacting such measures as the Peace of Beaulieu, but later allied himself with the Protestant ruler Henry of Navarre against the Guise dominated Catholic League. Before the Henrys could attack the Guise stronghold of Paris though, Henry III was assassinated by an enraged Dominican friar.

Philip II (Spain)

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was an intolerant, Catholic king. Tried to take over Netherlands but his plan failed; drove turkish and middle easterners out of europe; taxed peasants the most; had money coming in from overseas trade

Swiss Reformation

This was precipitated by two main conditions that existed in Switzerland. The first was the growth of national sentiment occasioned by popular opposition to foreign mercenary service. This harmed Switzerland because it had long been the top source of mercenaries for all of Europe. the second condition was the desire for church reform, which had long been a prevalent topic in Switzerland ever since the councils of Constance and Basel The leader of this time period was the humanistically educated Ulrich Zwingli (1484-. He took ideas from Erasmus, saying that it was the father of the northern humanist movement, not Martin Luther, who motivated him to reform the church. He created a new regime imposed a harsh discipline that made the city one of the first examples of puritanical protestant

Thomas Cranmer

a Lutheran sympathizer who became one of King Henry VIII's closest consultant; advised Henry to declare the king head of the English church instead of the pope

Modern Devotion

a religious movement that was a kind of reform school for members of the laity; held the idea that members of the laity could live holy, just lives, not just members of the clergy, and that one could do so without giving up the world; had the idea of reforming oneself without the help of the Church

Act of Supremacy

act passed by the English Parliament that recognized the king of England, Henry VIII, as head of the English church, rather than the pope

Archbishop Albrecht

archbishop who joined with Pope Leo X to raise money to build St. Peter's basilica; commissioned John Tetzel to sell indulgences

Marburg Colloquy

attempt by German leader Philip of Hesse to unify the different leaders of the Protestant Reformation; caused conflict between Zwingli and Luther over the nature of the Eucharist John Calvin, and resulted in the official splintering of the Protestant Reformation

Counter-Reformation

attempt by the Catholic church to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation, win back Protestant converts, convince Catholics to remain faithful, and to reform the corrupt aspects of the church

bohemian period

bohemia got a new leader (Hasbur ferdidnan) who tried to stop all protestant rights; in prague they threw his regents out the window; feredinance became Holy roman emperor; bohemians deposed him and made Frederick V heir king. Spain sent troops to ferdinand and maximilian of bavaria also aided him. Ferdinand's army was able to subdue bohemia and control it by the battle of white mountain in 1620

jesuits

created by Ignatius of Loyola, it was a reformation group recognized by the church in 1540; believed in complete obedience and submission to the church, because it never erred; they are disciplined, obedient, and obey all orders from the pope; strong believers in conversion by intellectual arguments, and they subsequently highly value education; travel abroad and establish many schools to educate and convert people

Peace of Ausburg

declaration by Charles V after he realized that it was impossible to force Protestants to convert back to Catholicism; made the division in Christianity permanent; declares that the ruler of a land would determine its religion; only allows Catholic or Lutheran religion, makes no concessions to Calvinists, Anabaptists, Spiritualists, etc.

Reformation effects

education was changed; women were given more security and encouraged to read the bible

William Shakespeare

famous English playwright; writer of histories, comedies, and tragedies; interested in politics, as apparent from his works, and somewhat critical of the Puritans condemnation of the worldliness of England, which he took in stride with pleasure

John Tetzel

famous indulgence preacher commissioned by Archbishop Albrecht to go town to town selling indulgences to raise money for the construction of St. Peter's basilica

Catholic League

formed by the Guise; dominated the eastern half othe country for several years; 1584, allied with Spain's Philip II to attack hersey in France and deny the Bourbon Henry's legal right to inherit the throne

Palatinate

fought alongside huguenots in french wars of religion; Territory under Count Palatine, the german principality that led the Protestant movement within Germany during the Bohemian Phase.

Conrad Grebel

founded the Anabaptist religion because he believed that Lutherans had become too political

Conventicle act of 1593

gave such separatists the option either to conform to the practices of the church of england or face exile or death

Miguel de Cervantes

generally acknowledged as Spain's greatest writer; most famous work is "Don Quixote", which is about a middle-aged man driven mad by romantic stories about knights, and thus aspires to be a knight himself by embarking on bizarre adventures; inspired by religious idealisms and down-to-earth realisms

Charles V(Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire)

grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella and successor of the Austrian Hapsburg family, thus becoming king of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation; had the largest kingdom since the time of Charlemagne; his failure to take immediate action against the Luther resulted in the spread of the Reformation

presbyteries

group of representative ordained ministers

swedish period

gustavus adolphus, Lutheran king; became leader of protestant forces; at brietenfeld he was a smashing victor; his battle reversed the course of the war; peace of prague was issued where german protestant states reached a compromise with ferdidand; france and netherlands didn't

Zwingli and his problems w/ the church

humanist leader of the Swiss Reformation; believed mainly in reliance on only scripture and abandonment of "religious superstitions", as well as all other predominantly Protestant ideas; disagreed with Luther at the Marburg Colloquy because he believed that the Eucharist was strictly symbolic

Reformation causes

indulgences-pay for forgiveness; bribing God to go into heaven diminish Power of Church (Germany) Henry the eighth wanted full religious power in England

Mary Tudor(England)

known as "Bloody Mary", she was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon who came to power in England after Edward VI and restored Catholic doctrine and practice

John Calvin & Genevan Reformation

leader of Calvinism is John Calvin, which became a dominant Protestant religion in the late Reformation; strong believer in predestination and localized government, as well as all other Protestant beliefs; transformed Geneva, Switzerland, into a strictly Calvinist community with a localized church government

Zwingli

main leader in swiss reform; reform in Zurich, Switzerland;believed eucharist was just spiritual

why was there strained relation between spain and england when catherine was queen

netherlands; pope pius V excommunicated her; england signed a mutual defense pact with france; mary of scots execution

Thomas More

one of King Henry VIII's closest advisors until he refused to sign the Act of Supremacy and therefore recognize the king, not the pope, as head of the English church; was executed because of this, and was declared a martyr and a saint by the Catholic church

Ninety-Five Theses

posted by Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg; contained protests against the selling of indulgences and the political power of the pope

Huegnots

protestants in france; supported by house of bourbon

Edward VI

son of King Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymour; under his reign, England truly enacted the Protestant Reformation

Bourbons

supported huguenots in civil war, French Protestant family with much influence on the French wars of religion. Louis de Conde was their leader.

Guises

supported the catholics in france; created catholic league; tried to get full political power; duke of Guise was assassinated during first french war

Swiss civil wars

wars in Switzerland between the Protestants and the Catholics; consisted of two battle, the first resulting in Protestant victory and the second in Catholic victory; Zwingli was executed and cut into pieces at the end of the second battle to discourage Protestant followers; a subsequent treaty after these wars resulted in the right of each canton (individual state) in Switzerland to determine its own religion