Chapter 11 anth

Hijras

a third-gender role found in India and Pakistan in which male-bodied or intersexed individuals adopt female mannerisms and dress

forced marriage

the practice in which parents demand their child marry someone the parents have chosen

arranged marriage

the practice in which parents find a suitable husband or wife for their child

scarification

inscribing scars on the body as marker of identity

2. Monogamy between a man and woman is a. a common form of marriage, but far from the only kind. b. the only authentic form of marriage, although other kinds of partnerships exist. c. the least common form of marriage, practiced by only a few societies. d. considered to be the ideal partnership in all societies.

Answer: a Feedback: Marriage between two people are frequently opposite-sex unions, but there are many other kinds of exclusive partnerships (monogamy requires exclusivity).

cisgender

a term describe people who internally experience and/or express their gender identity as aligned with their assigned sex

Which type of marriage is practiced by a majority of societies in the world? a. Endogamy. b. Polygamy. c. Fraternal polyandry. d. Moiety.

a. Endogamy.(don't know)

Which of the following is not a characterization of marriage? a. Familial input on potential marriage partners. b. Support and legitimacy of children in society. c. Regulation of sexual division of labor. d. Sexual access between marriage partners.

a. Familial input on potential marriage partners.

The most common family structure in the world is a. a matrilocal residence. b. an extended family. c. a nuclear family. d. a patrilocal residence.

b. an extended family.

family of orientation

blood-related family members, including parents, siblings, grandparents, and other relatives

If your stepchild asks if you two are considered affinal kin, you would reply, a. "No, because we do not share any blood relatives." b. "No, since you are old enough to be an adult and have your own residence." c. "Yes, we are related by marriage." d. "It depends on whether you have any half-siblings in the future."

c. "Yes, we are related by marriage."

Which of the following household member list is considered a family of procreation? a. A child, her cousins, and her grandparents. b. A married couple and the husband's two brothers. c. A married woman and man, with their three children. d. Two children in different foster homes, each being raised with religious ideologies.

c. A married woman and man, with their three children.

The least common residence type in the world is a. an extended family. b. affinal and consanguineal kin living together. c. the nuclear, or neolocal, family. d. patrilocal systems.

c. the nuclear, or neolocal, family.

affinal

related by marriage

rite of passage (what does this involve?)

rituals marking life's important transitions from one social or biological role to another

Marriage have in common

sexual access between marriage partners regulation of the sexual division of labor support and legitimacy of children in society

gender roles

the culturally appropriate or expected roles of individuals in society

monogamy

the marriage practice of having a single spouse

polyandry

the marriage practice of having two or more husbands at the same time

polygamy

the marriage practice of having two or more spouses

unilineal descent

tracing one's genealogy through either the mother or father's line

patrilineal descent

tracing one's genealogy through the father's line

matrilineal descent

tracing one's genealogy through the mother's line

patrilocal

a residence pattern in which a wife moves to her husband's household of orientation

8. Why are someone's gender identity and sexual orientation unknown at birth?

1.Biological sex: a binary, though intersex complicates the distinctions. 2.Gender identity: whether you identify as male, female, or with a third gender. This is unrelated to biological sex, in that it is not a causal relationship. Most humans who identify as men are born with male genitalia (thus, biologically male), but this does not mean that all biological males will consider themselves men. 3.Sexual orientation: this is far beyond a binary of homosexual and heterosexual, and includes bisexuality, pansexuality, polysexuality, and asexuality. Furthermore, androphilia and gynophilia are relevant terms. 4.All have bearing on one another, but no one can ascertain someone's gender or sexuality simply by noting their biological sex at birth.

7. Which of the following was not an example of a bride price, as described in the text? a. Crafts sewn by the bride. b. Yams. c. Cattle .d. Labor (by the husband/groom).

Answer: a Feedback: Such crafts and textiles are actually an example of a dowry, wherein the bride and her family gift the husband's family items.

3. Which of the following is an example of polygany? a. Two men married to one woman. b. One man married to four women. c. Two men married to each other. d. One woman and two men all married to each other

Answer: b Feedback: Polygany is when a marriage arrangement includes more than one wife at the same time.

4.An advantage of exogamy practices includes a. a strengthened government or ruling system, such as consolidating and retaining power through a royal bloodline. b. the ability of a group to withstand assimilative or marginalization because of their strong religious or ethnic identity. c. a decreased likelihood that negative genetic mutations will accumulate, because there is more genetic diversity. d. how people are able to partner with those they love, but they may also choose to separate/divorce and have further partners without societal judgment.

Answer: cFeedback: Exogamy is the practice in which marriage partners must come from different groups.

8. In Mumbai, what form of marriage is now more likely to take place? a. Forced marriage, with the children of the union having no say in the matter. b. Romantic elopements, where families are not consulted and the new couple consummate their union before objections can be made. c. Child marriage, where young girls are typically betrothed to older men. d. A hybrid between arranged and romantic, incorporating aspects of each.

Answer: d Feedback: Arranged marriages are still a norm, but they are incorporating more and more of the children's wishes (such as for romantic love). See page 255.

5. How do you see/would describe your family/kin and your residence patterns? Can you think of a situation where/when that could change?

Currently, I call six people my immediate family: my mother and father, my grandmother, my two siblings, and my aunt. We all live together in an extended family setting, all of us consanguineal. However, two options will likely change this in the future. First, my mom, dad, siblings, and I are hoping to live in our own home soon, which would make us neolocal. Also, if I get married one day, I doubt I'll still live at home. I might even move in with my partner's family (matrilocal or patrilocal residence).

nuclear family

a family unit consisting of two generations, most often parents and their children

neolocal

a residence pattern in which a husband and wife move to their own household after marriage

Which of the following is not a cultural universal? a. Marriage. b. Gender roles. c. Organizing food. d. Creating shelter.

b. Gender roles.

Which of the following choices would be considered a nuclear family? a. Three adults (one grandparent, two parents) and one child (the grandchild/child). b. Two adults (the grandparents) and three children (the grandchildren). c. Four adults: A grandparent, two of their children, and one grandchild. d. One adult and five children (two of their own, three non-related children).

b. Two adults (the grandparents) and three children (the grandchildren). not sure

Kinship is a term that a. relies on modern genetic testing (DNA, etc.) to determine who is or is not kin. b. refers to family relations, whether by blood or identity/relationships. c. does not include any individual who is not related by blood. d. means family and is universal across all cultures.

b. refers to family relations, whether by blood or identity/relationships.

Body modification can be understood as a. a rare process by which individuals are chosen by their elders to represent certain aspects of their culture. b. a taboo that is prohibited by most societies. c. a common form of gender, familial, and/or ethnic expression. d. a necessary rite of passage in order to be attractive to possible mates.

c. a common form of gender, familial, and/or ethnic expression.

Marriage and incest taboos are both a. forms of residence patterns. b. entirely biological imperatives. c. cultural universals. d. family rituals.

c. cultural universals.

kinship

family relations; involves a complex set of expectations and responsibilities.

incest taboo

prohibition against sexual relations with immediate family members

1. Marriage is a cultural universal because a. culture cannot survive without it, since it enables the procreation of children and therefore the next generation. b. all humans experience marriage at some point in their lives, even if the form differs region to region. c. even if people do not agree with it, marriage has been an unchanging process for millennia. d. although its form differs across cultures, all societies practice some kind of partnership arrangement regarding sexual coupling, household duties, and children.

Answer: d Feedback: All cultures practice some form of marriage, even though the customs and forms of it vary widely. Cultural universals solve the basic problems of being human and living in society, including organizing food, shelter, and procreation.

bilateral descent

the act of tracing one's genealogy through both the mother and father's line

polygyny

the marriage practice of having two or more wives at the same time

Which of the following is not a reason that incest taboos exist? a. Politically, governments and ruling systems have decided that such practices are barbaric and never allowed. b. Psychologically, it is quite rare for children who grow up together to feel sexually attracted to one another. c. Socially, clear-cut roles are preferred in society (thus, being someone's uncle and grandfather would be quite complicated). d. Biologically, genetic diversity assists in the longevity of the species and individual.

a. Politically, governments and ruling systems have decided that such practices are barbaric and never allowed.

food taboo

s a prohibition against consuming certain foods. The word "taboo" (also spelled "tabu") is Polynesian and means 'sacred' or 'forbidden'; it has a quasi-magical or religious overtone.

Dating practives

Dating practices (your experience may vary): 1.Blind dates/set up by friends or family. 2.Meeting online, meeting through work. 3.Courtship, dating norms (dinner, movies, walks on beaches?), the "relationship discussion." 4.Possible cohabitation. 5.Engagement period prior to marriage.

descent group

a social group of people who trace their descent from a particular ancestor

dowry

a from of marriage compensation in which the family of the bride is required to present valuable gifts to the groom's family or to the couple

third gender

a gender role accepted in some societies as combining elements of male and female genders

A nuclear family is also referred to as a(n) a. neographical community. b. normative residence. c. extended household. d. neolocal residence.

d. neolocal residence.

9. Discuss some of the consequences that might arise in various marriage practices if a third gender is introduced (when none existed there before).

1.Marriage is the relationship of people in sharing a household and raising children. This doesn't need only one man and one woman, as other forms demonstrate (polygamy, etc.) 2.A third gender is neither male nor female but has elements of each.

Arranged marriages:

1.Parents setting up potential matches (or other close relatives). 2.Potential partners coming from known backgrounds with similar ideologies. 3.Retain the right to veto a choice. 4.Marriage Meets/community registries, online sites. 5."Love matches." 6.Exchanging photos and information. 7."Bride viewings" and contemporary forms of dating.

10. What is the purpose of marriage?

1.Sex - sexual relations within a marriage partnership are sanctioned by society. This does not mean monogamy is the norm; rather, there are rules and these rules vary depending on culture. The process of marriage is meant to reinforce whatever that culture sees as healthy and beneficial to their society. 2.Labor - marriage regulates the tasks that women and men are expected to perform in society. Some of these are biological, such as childbirth and nursing of infants. However, most of the expectations about what work that men and women will do are based on cultural values of what is appropriate. This sexual division of labor contributes to the group's survival because although men and women perform different tasks, resources will be shared. 3.Children - Socially sanctioned marriage and family structure, in whatever form it may take, help provide the kind of environment that supports child development.

Bride price

A bride price is when the husband's family compensates the bride's family for essentially "losing" a daughter. This is because she represents support and labor for a household and will likely bear children for the husband's family line.

two-spirit

A native American person who identifies as a third-gender occupying a role between males and females with characteristics of each

6. You are a new bride and belong to a patrilocal, extended family society. Who is likely to be in your new household? a. Your husband's parents, as well as your husband's brother, his wife (your sister-in-law), and their child. b. Your grandparents, and two of your cousins. c. Your husband's siblings (one brother and one sister), and their respective spouses and children. d. Your mother and father, plus your sister, her husband, and their three children.

Answer: a Feedback: When wives join their husbands' families of orientation after marriage, it is called patrilocal residence. In an extended family, blood-related members will bring their spouses to live with their family of orientation. This creates a household that is a mix of people related by marriage (affinal kin) and by blood (consanguineal kin).

9. You are creating a family tree showing your ancestry. On it, you have your mother and father, your aunts and uncles on your father's side, your father's parents (your grandparents), and your grandfather's parents (your great-grandparents). This kind of geneaology is a. matrilineal b. patrilineal c. bilateral. d. totem descent group.

Answer: b Feedback: Patrilineal descent is traced through the father's bloodline.

10. The relationship between gender and sexual orientation is a. inextricably intertwined, as they are dependent on one another. b. a simple cause-and-effect process. c. separate, although both are influenced by biology and cultural norms. d. based solely on biological imperatives.

Answer: c Feedback: Both gender and sexual identities and expressions may be formed through interactions with others in society, yet they are also influenced - not solely caused by - biological factors. One's gender cannot predict one's sexual orientation (or vice versa).

5. If your mother-in-law asks if the two of you are considered consanguineal kin, you would reply, a. "Of course, we have been family members since I married your son/daughter." b. "Yes, because your daughter/son and I have produced children." c. "No, we are not related by blood." d. "Not yet, but after I move into your house, we will be."

Answer: c Feedback: "Consanguineal" means to be related by blood.

Exogamy

Exogamy is the practice in which marriage partners must come from different groups. Depending on the cultural norms, a person's choice of marriage partners may be required to be outside of one's clan or lineage. 1.Socially, this practice links families from different communities together, creating alliances. 2.Bio-culturally, it acts to broaden the gene pool of any intermarrying group. This limits the possibility for inbreeding and leads to more genetic diversity. 3.However, this practice means that inheritances, power, land holdings, community resources, and much more are spread thinner than if marriage partners came from the same group. 4.It also means that those being married may come from very different backgrounds with different expectations regarding their roles and beliefs.

1. What kind of marriage is the norm in your family? If you could change it, would you? Why/why not?

This answer depends on your individual circumstances, but it should correctly identify (and define) some of the types of marriage listed in the text. Whether or not you find it to be personally the most suitable marriage arrangements depends as well on the specifics you choose to focus on, but should be justified. A hypothetical answer is below, briefly explained (your answer should elaborate with more details). Serial monogamy seems to be the norm in my family. This means that people partner off with others, one at a time, but do not tend to stay married very long. This could be because they fall in romantic love without realizing that their personalities for long-term cohabitation are at odds with one another. They all have kids, so the families grow exponentially each time they marry someone else. This is nice for the kids to have so many playmates that are half-siblings, but the legal proceedings get complicated. Instead, it'd be interesting to if a form of arranged group marriage, or polygamy, was the norm for us. That way, instead of people having to always split up their belongings and figure out arrangements for the kids, we could all be a large family. And since they would be arranged by those who care about our well-being, it would likely be with people with whom we share core values.

2. Why is it important that the AAA responded to President Bush's amendment in 2004? How does anthropology thus help inform better policy?

This answer draws on the significance of how anthropology can contribute to contemporary policies by providing better information regarding cultural norms and practices. It was erroneous of Bush to generalize marriage as he did (you should spell out here what he got wrong), and the responding statement corrected that misinformation. You can include specifics as to why you agree or disagree, but the main points - relating to the variety of households and marriage forms that exist - should be covered in this answer. Similarly, you may wish to draw on issues of human rights when discussing how anthropological insights can assist with better governance structures and procedures (especially when cultural relativity is taught at a young age).

To what does serial monogamy refer? a. When a person is coupled exclusively to one person at a time, but there is no limit on how many partners in total they might be with. b. When a couple agree to be sexually active only with one another. c. When societal norms demand that you re-marry after a divorce. d. When two people are married, and then divorce or separate, but then come back together again (perhaps because of societal pressure).

a. When a person is coupled exclusively to one person at a time, but there is no limit on how many partners in total they might be with.

Endogamy

When societies require that marriage partners come from the same group in society, this is called endogamy. Endogamous marriage can be seen in societies with strong ethnic, religious, or socio-economic class divisions in which individuals tend to marry within their groups. 1.This practice supports the survival of the group into the future, since the people being married have similar identities, core values, ideologies, etc. This could be especially important for a marginalized group or one whose existence is threatened in some way. 2.Historically, sisters and brothers married to preserve the royal bloodlines of ruling families. Sibling marriages keep the ruling power within the family. Brothers and sisters would marry so that their pure-blooded heirs would retain divine authority. 3.However, close endogamy reduces genetic diversity. This increases the risk of the expression of harmful recessive genes. This can lead to devastating effects for the group if diseases are severe enough. 4.Endogamy also reduces the potential to create new allies and relationships outside one's group, which can be a negative thing depending on context.

You are a new bride and belong to a matrilocal, extended family society. Who are likely members in your new household? a. Your own mother and father, as well as your sisters, their husbands (your brothers-in-law), and their children. b. Your husband's mother and father. c. Your husband's mother and father, as well as his brother and your new sister-in-law. d. Just you and your new husband.

a. Your own mother and father, as well as your sisters, their husbands (your brothers-in-law), and their children.

4. How are comfort foods similar to marriage or incest taboos?

You should be able to identify that all three are cultural universals, in that they exist in some form. This answer should include definitions and a familiarity with all the topics. However, it is critical to note that while all three exist in some form, those forms vary dramatically depending on region and context. 1.Comfort food varies from person to person as well as from culture to culture. 2.Marriage is practiced in some form all around the world, solving the basic problem of human relationships and procreation. 3.Incest taboos also vary, but immediate family taboos are held by societies throughout the world (even in places where it is the norm for royalty to marry each other).

totem

a mythological ancestor linking people together in kinship ties

gender identity

a person's internal experience of their identity as male, female,both, or neither, as well as the expression of the identity in social behavior

matrilocal

a residence pattern in which a husband moves to his wife's household or orientation

When discussing female gender roles, which of the following is true? a. Different traits are valued depending on the culture; there is no universal ideal female. b. Feminine aspects are universal (such as being vulnerable and soft-spoken). c. Women are expected to balance masculine attributes and feminine traits. d. In order to be gendered as female, one needs to be considered biologically female.

a. Different traits are valued depending on the culture; there is no universal ideal female.

Which of the following choices is an example of a dowry system? a. The bride's family receives a series of gifts, including baskets of food, over the course of years as the courtship and marriage arrangements take place. b. The newlywed couple forms a new nuclear unit, and her parents gift them resources to help them establish their lives. c. Both sets of parents arrange the marriage of their children without the children's input. d. The groom's family bestows the bride's family a number of goats and cows, considered very generous because dairy is extremely valuable.

b. The newlywed couple forms a new nuclear unit, and her parents gift them resources to help them establish their lives.

Which of the following is not a form of body modification? a. Scarification. b. Wearing a bracelet. c. Applying eye shadow. d. Face tattoos.

b. Wearing a bracelet.

An advantage of endogamy practices includes a. the ability of people to marry people outside their groups (e.g., castes, in India) and thus have upward mobility. b. an increased likelihood that the group sustains a strong identity and continues to thrive. c. the decreased likelihood that a negative genetic mutation will dominate and be reproduced. d. the fact that incest taboos are reinforced.

b. an increased likelihood that the group sustains a strong identity and continues to thrive.

The practice of exogamy a. is considered taboo by the majority of world societies and cultures. b. can create alliances between different communities, as well as limit inbreeding. c. increases the chances of a group's survival through reinforcing a strong identity since all members will share the same values. d. can unintentionally reproduce harmful recessive genes and disorders.

b. can create alliances between different communities, as well as limit inbreeding.

In an exogamous society, marrying someone from your own group would likely be considered a. required, especially if you are part of a royal bloodline. b. not appropriate at all, especially if they are classified as siblings. c. encouraged, so that your group's future survival is strengthened. d. neutral, because people are allowed to choose their own marriage partners.

b. not appropriate at all, especially if they are classified as siblings.

What would be the most likely scenario to justify fraternal polyandry? a. An underpopulated community who needs families to grow rapidly. b. A time period when a majority of men have gone off and/or died in violent conflicts like wars. c. A region where available land is scarce, so a family marries all their sons to one woman to ensure the land is not divided. d. A place that has strict religious rules and prohibitions emphasizing neolocal relationships, along with a heavy reliance on independence training in children.

c. A region where available land is scarce, so a family marries all their sons to one woman to ensure the land is not divided.

If a baby is born with male genitalia (sex), this means that the baby's gender is a. male. b. female. c. unknown. d. intersexed.

c. unknown.

Which is not true of polygynous arrangements? a. It helps balance out uneven numbers between the sexes, such as when men die in wars and because of violence. b. Women can be in charge of caring for the household resources and welcome any extra wives to help with the work. c. It can lead to women being treated as property and abused. d. The husbands do not often feel jealously toward each other since they are all brothers.

d. The husbands do not often feel jealously toward each other since they are all brothers.

Which of the following is not a form of polygamy? a. Four people in total: one woman and three husbands. b. Four people in total: one woman and three men, all married to each other. c. Three people in total: one man and two wives. d. Three people in total: one man and his wife, who then separate, and he marries another woman without officially divorcing the first.

d. Three people in total: one man and his wife, who then separate, and he marries another woman without officially divorcing the first.

Hijras and two-spirits are examples of a. scarification rituals around the world. b. different marital titles that couple may choose. c. children who are born (mainly twins) to couples who practice heterosexuality. d. third gender categories in different cultures.

d. third gender categories in different cultures.

Dowry

dowry is when the bride's family essentially gives the newlyweds or the husband's family her share of their inheritance, depending on the circumstances. This could happen when the woman lives in a neolocal residence with her husband, so the money is used for their own future, or it could be in a patrilocal residence where her dowry ensures that she has upward mobility in her marriage.

consanguineal

related by blood

family of procreation

the family unit created by marriage or partnership, including spouses/partners and children

body modification

the practice of altering the body for reasons of identity, attractiveness or social status

exogamy

the practice of marrying outside one's social or ancestral group

endogamy

the practice of marrying within one's social or ancestral group

fraternal polyandry

the practice of women marrying brothers