Chapter 11 APES
A steady diet of high calorie, low nutrition fast food may lead to: I. Overnutrition II. Malnutrition III. Undernutrition A) I and II B) I, II, and III C) I only D) II only E) III only
A
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can best be described as A) facilities where a large number of animals are housed and fed in a confined space B) a method of producing more meat at a higher cost C) a means of producing great quantities of manure to fertilize fields organically D) an experimental plan to test the effectiveness of antibiotics E) the storing and compacting of grain for use as a natural supplement for cattle
A
In the US, organic farming is regulated by A) OFPA B) FIFRA C) FSA D) CERCLA E) TSDA
A
It has been projected that aquaculture could supply about one half the global demand for seafood by 2025. However, future production through aquaculture could be limited because... A) concentrated waste from aquaculture facilities contaminates rivers and oceans spreading disease B) raising fish in a protected environment could lead to fish population overshoot C) the economy of developing countries could be negatively affected D) ocean fishing operations would go out of business E) the ITQ system would prohibit their expansion
A
It has been projected that aquaculture could supply about one-half the global demand for seafood by 2025. However, future production through aquaculture could be limited because A) concentrated waste from aquaculture facilities contaminates rivers and oceans B) raising fish in protected environment could lead to fish population overshoot C) the economies of developing countries would be negatively affected D) ocean fishing operations would go out of business E) the ITQ system would prohibit their expansion
A
The primary reason for malnutrition is A) poverty B) political unrest C) insufficient food production D) diversion of food livestock E) excessive food waste in developed nation
A
What is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence: A) more affluent nations (like the U.S.) tend to consume more meat products B) More affluent nations (like the U.S.) tend to be net exporter of meat products C) Less affluent nations (like Ethiopia) tend to consume more meat D) Less affluent nations (like Ethiopia) tend to rely on commercialized packaged products containing large amounts of meat E) There is no apparent relationship between meat consumption and affluence
A
What is the main cause of desertification that is causing the Sahara Desert to expand at a rate of 31 miles per year. A) Irrigation causes salinization, which leads to shallow roots and topsoil erosion B) Low productivity Nomadic Grazing turns feeding ground to desert C) Mass conventional tilling turns the soil which leads to impermeable grounds D) Synthetic fertilizers lead to decreases plant production E) High-Density animal Farming that are raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO's)
A
What is the main problem with expanding farmland? A) There is no place to expand B) It is too labor intensive C) It is too expensive to expand land D) You can not expand on federal land E) there is no problem with expanding land
A
Which nutritional trend is true? A) three species of plants contribute over 60% of human energy intake B) meat consumption is decreasing globally C) growing more grain is the only way to feed the worlds population D) over nutrition has remained constant over the last century worldwide E) grain production has increased rapidly in recent years
A
Which of the following is not a traditional farming technique that is used in sustainable agriculture? A) nomadic herding B) intercropping C) crop rotation D) agroforestry E) contour plowing
A
Worldwide, the largest component of the human diet is: A) Grain Products B) Meat Products C) Dairy Products D) Raw and processed sugars E) Fruits and vegetables
A
A substance that kills invertebrates that feed on crops and breaks down relatively rapidly is called a: A) Persistent herbicide B) Non-persistent insecticide C) Non-persisten herbicide D) Persistent insecticide E) Pesticide treadmill
B
Individual transferable quotas A) are used in organic pest management B) are a part of sustainable fishing C) are an alternative method used for CAFO's D) are used to increased yields in communal farms E) are used in aquaculture
B
Place the following in order of increasing energy subsidy. I. Hunting and Gathering II. Corn III. Eggs IV. Beef A) Beef, Hunting and Gathering, Eggs, Corn B) Hunting and Gathering, Corn, Eggs, Beef C) Hunting and Gathering, Eggs, Corn, Beef D) Corn, Hunting and Gathering, Eggs, Beef E) Beef, Eggs, Corn, Hunting and Gathering
B
The US accounts for about what percent of worldwide pesticide use? A) 95 B) 33 C) 80 D) 20 E) 57
B
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide 250,000 children go blind annually due to a lack of A) Caloric nutrition B) Vitamin A C) Vitamin B D) Vitamin C E) Riboflavin
B
The process of accumulating toxins at higher and higher doses through the food chain is called: A) biofiltration B) bioaccumulation C) biodegredation D) Concentration magnification E) tragedy of the commons
B
Undernutrition means A) lacking the proper balance of proteins, vitamins, and minerals B) not consuming a sufficient number of calories C) lacking a specific nutrients such as vitamin A or iron D) a lack of food such that depths begin to occur E) the ingestion of too many poor quality calories
B
Which of the agricultural methods is most similar to intercropping? A) contour plowing B) agroforestry C) no-till agriculture D) integrated pest management E) nomadic grazing
B
Which of the following does not explain the rise of the modern farming system? A) the cost of labor varies from country to country B) small farms are usually more profitable than large farms C) irrigation contributes to greater crop yields D) fertilizer improves crop yields and are easy to apply E) mechanization facilitates mono cropping and improves profits
B
Which of the following is not an environmental or health problem that has been associated with CAFOs? A) the Increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria potentially harmful to humans B) the over grazing of large tracts of land C) the runoff of animal waste into natural waters D) the production of huge quantities of manure, creating a waste disposal problem E) the use of grain as feed reducing the food supply available to humans
B
Which of the following practices is not a part of integrated pest management? A) crop rotation B) elimination of pesticides C) use of pest resistant crops D) introduction of predators E) frequent inspection crops
B
Anemia, the most widespread nutritional deficiency, is the result of insufficient A) vitamin A B) protein C) iron D) calories E) vitamin D
C
If 12,000,000 kcal of chicken can be produced per hectare, how much land is needed to provide someone with 2,000 kcal/day for a year? A) 0.01 ha B) 0.02 ha C) 0.06 ha D) 0.2 ha E) 0.4 ha
C
The best sustainable agriculture technique for soil types with low productivity is most likely: A) No till planting B) Shifting Agriculture C) Nomadic Grazing D) Conventional Agriculture E) Traditional Agriculture
C
Under what conditions do nomadic grazing and shifting agriculture work? A) Large human populations where economy of scale works in their favor B) Large human populations where conventional agriculture can be applied more easily C) Small human populations where subsistence farming is used D) Small populations where conventional agriculture is used E) Nomadic grazing and shifting agriculture cannot work due to the negative environmental impacts that they have.
C
Which agricultural method is used prevent erosion? A) intercropping B) integrated pest management C) contour plowing D) CAFO's E) annual plants
C
Which of the following is an environmental advantage of no-till agriculture? A) the use of herbicides improves the stability of the soil B) migratory bird populations are reduced C) the undisturbed soil is less susceptible to erosion D) the crop residues reduce the soil profile E) the concentration of CO2 in the fields is increased
C
Which of the following is an environmental effect of bycatch? A) juvenile fish are too small and slips through the nets thereby ensuring the next generation of commercial fish B) predators caught in the nets feed on the commercially imported fish also caught thereby reducing the total catch C) nontarget fish populations have declined D) cod populations have increased to level of competitor species E) endangered species such a sea turtles are being marketed through the ITQ system
C
Which of the following is true of genetically modified organisms? A) they could be engineered to be be pesticide resistant leading to increase pesticide use B) Increase of GMO's will lead to lower income for farmers and increase price in foods C) there are no regulations in the United States that mandate the labeling of GMO's D) GMO's are not a concern for human health and biodiversity E) None of the following are true of GMO's
C
Which of the following statements best describes the pesticide treadmill? A) broad-spectrum pesticides degrading to selective pesticides thereby killing a wide range of insect pests over along period B) pesticides accumulate in the fatty tissues of consumers and increasing concentration as they move up the food chain C) some pest populations evolve resistance to pesticides which become less effective over time so that new pesticides must be developed D) beneficial insects and natural predators are killed at a faster rate than the pest insects E) testing of the toxicity of pesticides to humans cannot keep pace with discovery and production of new pesticides
C
Which of the following techniques in agriculture is sustainable because it reduces soil erosion by harvesting parallel to the topography of the land? A) Nomadic Grazing B) Agroforestry C) Contour Plowing D) No-till E) Crop Rotation
C
After many years of applying the selective pesticide provironex, a farmer notices that the applications seem less effective. This is likely due to: A) Provironex is persistent, and the farmer should apply less for better results B) The fact that provironex is fat soluble and has been bioaccumulating .C) Provironex is selective, so other pests are filling the niche from the exterminated ones D) The target species has begun to evolve resistance E) Provironex is a wide spectrum pesticide that needs to be fine tuned for the target species
D
Broad-spectrum pesticides A) do not cause increased pesticide resistance B) are almost always non-persistent C) are banned in the United States D) are likely to kill beneficial insects E) are only produced synthetically
D
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) make meat more economical, but may have some negative environmental impacts. These include all of the following EXCEPT: A) High concentrations of animal waste B) Increase in nutrients in stormwater runoff C) Increase in sediments in stormwater runoff D) Increased use of land area over other types of animal farming E) Increase in strains of antibiotic resistant microorganisms
D
Critics of using genetically modified organisms as food crops warn of which of the following dangers? I Introduction of new allergens into the food supply II Loss of genetic diversity in food crops III Decreases in food production worldwide A) I B) II C) III D) I and II E) I and III
D
Farmers who practice organic agriculture has less of an impact on the environment than farmers who practice industrial agriculture because they... A) use no-till agriculture exclusively B) import soil to maintain soil fertility C) maintain large farms with a single crop D) avoid pesticides and synthetic fertilizers E) have lower labor costs
D
Farmers who practice organic agriculture have less of an impact on the environment than farmers who practice industrial agriculture because they A) use no-till agriculture B) import soil to maintain soil fertility C) maintain large forms with single crop D) avoid pesticides and synthetic fertilizers E) have lower labor costs
D
Scientists have inserted a gene for the production of vitamin A into rice. This practice of changing the genetic structure of agricultural products to improve desirable traits is known as: A) Animal Husbandry B) Selective Breeding C) Transmodification D) Genetic Engineering E) Natural Selection
D
The green revolution A) began in the mid-19th century B) discouraged the mechanization of agriculture C) decreased the energy subsidy of most food D) encouraged the use of mono-cropping E) pertained to leafy green plants only
D
The use of synthetic fertilizers increases crop yields, but also A) destroys the nitrifying bacteria in the soil B) increases fish population in nearby streams C) decreases phosphorus concentration in the atmosphere D) increases nutrient runoff into bordering surface waters E) slows the release of organic nutrients from compost
D
Which areas of the world are most susceptible to desertification? A) Temporal Chaparral B) Humid equatorial regions C) Areas adjacent to the poles D) Semi arid dry nutrient poor soils E) Temperate climate with nutrient rich soil
D
Which is not a principle of organic farming? A) avoiding synthetic fertilizers B) keeping as much organic matter as possible on the farm C) increasing soil mass and biological activity D) avoiding the use of fossil fuels E) working with natural systems
D
Which of the following are techniques used in the practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? I. No use of pesticides II. Crop Rotation and Use of Pest-resistant Crops III. Providing habitat to encourage predators of the Pest A) I only B) II only C) I and II D) II and III E) I, II and III
D
Which of the following statements about sustainable agriculture is NOT true? A) Sustainable agriculture is often based on traditional agriculture techniques B) A key component of sustainable agriculture is soil protection C) Sustainable agriculture is more labor intensive than conventional agriculture, and so cost is an issue in areas with high labor costs D) Sustainable agriculture does not take into account the economic viability of the farmer E) Sustainable agriculture uses techniques such as crop rotation, intercropping, and agroforestry to protect soil substrate and nutrients
D
According to the Environmental Defense Fund, which of the following fish are "best" choices for sustainability? I. Wild Alaskan Salmon II. Chilean Sea Bass III. Farmed Rainbow Trout A) I B) II C) I and II D) II and III E) I and III
E
Approximately how many people are malnourished worldwide? A) 10% B) 18% C) 25% D) 30% E) 45%
E
Bycatch A) is a common problem with the increased pesticide use B) is a management technique of CAFO's C) is a cause of fishery collapse D) is a side effect of some genetic engineering E) is common in large-scale fishing
E
Currently the world's farmers grow enough grain to feed: A) about a quarter of the world's population B) about a third of the world's population C) about a half of the world's population D) about 75% of the world's population E) more than the world's population
E
Far off shore fishing operations today have larger nets and can stay extended time out in deep ocean water. This could lead to fishery collapse . To prevent fishery collapse some countries are utilizing which of the following? I. Individual Transferable Quotas II. The Sustainable Fisheries Act III. Limited Fishing endangered Species such as Cod A) I only B) II only C) I and III D) II and III E) I, II and III
E
In which of the following ways did the Green Revolution increase food production? I The development of disease-resistant and high-yielding crop plants II Monocropping and the widespread use of machinery III The application of fertilizers and the use of irrigation techniques A) I B) II C) III D) I and III E) I, II and III
E
Irrigation can result in which of the following environmental problems? I Reduction of evaporation rates II Accumulation of salts in soil III Waterlogging of soil and plant roots A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II E) II and III
E
What is the primary benefit of perennial plants? A) increased crop yields B) decreased pesticide use C) increased nitrogen fixing D) easy integration of crop rotation E) decreased erosion
E
Which is a part of integrated pest management? A) no-till B) increased application of pesticides C) contour plowing D) desertification E) crop rotation
E
Which is not a benefit of genetically modified organisms? A) decreased pesticide use B) increased profits C) increased resistance to extreme weather D) increased crop yield E) increased genetic diversity
E
Which one of the following is not a concern regarding aquaculture? A) Use of antibiotics and chemicals B) Polluted water water from the food or feces C) Juvenile fish are too small and slip through the net D) Increase disease of virus's, parasites and bacteria because of high density farming E) It will decrease the economies of developing countries
E
