chapter 11 Blood

which of thw following statements are true of blood cells?

-a megakarayocyte is a large cell that will break up into platelets -red bone marrow produces all of the kinds of blood cells. -RBCs carry oxygen that is bonded to the iron in hemoglobin

Which of the following statements are true of hemostasis?

-breaks in capillaries are usually blocked by platelet plugs -any blood vessel with smooth muscle can respond to damage with vascular spasm -platelets will stick to any rough surface in a blood vessel.

which of the following are true of blood?

-plasma distributes heat from warm organs such as skeletal muscles to cooler body areas -the HLA types contribute to the immune system's ability to recognize swlf and distinguish self from foreign -the type A(-) person cannot donate to the type O(+) person -both filic acid and vitamin B12 are required for RBC production in the RBM

plasma makes up ______% of the total blood and is itself _______% water.

52 - 62% and 91%

the normal pH range of blood is

7.35 - 7.45, slightly alkaline

A person with type AB blood has

A and B antigens on the RBCs and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma

Leukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count

Blood cells are produced from stem cells in hemopoietic tissue.

After birth this is primarily the red bone marrow, found in flat and irregular bones such as the sternum, hip bone, and ver- tebrae.

Other plasma proteins are called globulins.

Alpha and beta globulins are synthesized by the liver and act as carriers for molecules such as fats. The gamma globulins (also called immunoglobulins) are the antibodies produced by lympho- cytes.

Color

Arterial blood is bright red because it contains high levels of oxygen. Venous blood has given up much of its oxygen in tissues, and has a darker, dull red color. Tis may be important in the assessment of the source of bleeding. If blood is bright red, it is probably from a severed artery, and dark red blood is probably venous blood.

Which statement is NOT true of plasma protiens

Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by basophils.

which of these is NOT a normal value in a CBC?

Hb- 8g/100mL

Plasma also carries body heat.

Heat is one of the by- products of cell respiration(production of ATP)

which statement is NOT true of the prevention of abnormal clotting?

Heparin is produced by monocytes.

plasma

Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried in the plasma to their target organs, and the antibodies pro- duced by lymphocytes are also transported in plasma.

white blood cells are

Larger than RBCs; have nuclei when mature; produced in the red bone marrow, except some lymphocytes produced in the thymus or other lymphatic tissue

plasma

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is carried in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Which statement is Not true of the functions of WBCs?

Nertrophils help detoxify foreign proteins.

Which statement is NOT true of chemical blood clotting?

Prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other clotting factors are synthesized by the spleen.

Before Birth

RBCs are formed by the embry- onic yolk sac and then by the fetal liver, spleen, and RBM.

after birth

RBCs are formed in the RBM from hemocytoblasts (stem cells, the precursor cells).

The Rh factor is an antigen that is found on the

RBCs of people who are Rh positive.

There are three kinds of blood cells:

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

lymphocytes are

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

Which statement is NOT true of the ABO blood types?

Type B has A antivens in the RBCs

which statement is NOT true of RBC formation

a normoblast is the last stage with a cell membrane

amount

a person has 4 to 6 liters of blood, depending on his or her size. Of the total blood volume in the human body, 38% to 48% is composed of the various blood cells, also called formed elements. Te remaining 52% to 62% of the blood volume is plasma, the liquid portion of blood

The stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug or a blood clot is

a rough surface

An abmornal blood clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel is called

a thrombus

The Rh blood type( D antigen) is also heredity

a. Rh positive means that the D antigen is present on the RBCs. b. Rh negative means that the D antigen is not present on the RBCs. c. Rh-negative people do not have natural antibodies but will produce them if given Rh-positive blood.

Chemical clotting involves platelet factors, chem- icals from damaged tissue, prothrombin, fibrino- gen and other clotting factors synthesized by the liver, and calcium ions. Vitamin K from the intes- tinal microbiota is required for synthesis of some clotting factors.

a. Stage 1: Prothrombin activator is formed. b. Stage 2: Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin. c. Stage 3: Thrombin splits fibrinogen to fibrin. The clot is formed of fibrin threads that form a mesh over the break in the vessel

ABO blood types are hereditary

a. The type indicates the antigen(s) on the RBCs b. Antibodies in plasma are for those antigens not present on the RBCs and are an impor- tant consideration for transfusions

the plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries is

albumin

the red bone marrow produces

all the types of blood cells

Thrombus

an abnormal blood clot

Which term is NOT paired with its correct meaning?

anemia- invreased RBC count

Agranular WBCs

are the lymphocytes and monocytes.

Granular WBCs

are the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

monocytes

become macrophages, which also phagocytize dead tissue.

B cells

become plasma cells, which produce antibodies to foreign antigens, and also pro- vide memory.

when old RBCs are destroyed, the waste product _______ is formed and then excreted by the _______.

bilirubin/liver, in bile

the mineral needed for chemical clotting is

calcium

Red blood cells

carry O2 bonded to the iron in hemoglo- bin; oxyhemoglobin is formed in pulmonary capillaries; the oxygen is dropped off in sys- temic capillaries.

WBCs

carry out their functions in tissue fluid and lymphatic tissue, as well as in the blood.

colon bacteria

changes bilirubin to urobilinogen.

Basophils

contain the anticoagulant heparin and histamine, which makes capillaries more perme- able during inflammation.

vitamin B12

contains cobalt and is called the ex- trinsic factor, needed for DNA synthesis (mito- sis) in stem cells in the RBM. Intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach lining; it combines with B12 to prevent its diges- tion and promote its absorption in the small intestine.

NK cells

destroy the cell membranes of foreign cells

Eosinophils

detoxify foreign proteins during al- lergic reactions and parasitic infections; they phagocytize anything labeled with antibodies.

a blood clot is made of

fibrin

Lymphocytes mature and divide in lymphatic tissue

found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland. The thymus contains stem cells that produce T lymphocytes, and the stem cells in other lymphatic tissue also produce lymphocytes.

the oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs is

hemoglobin

A band cell is an

immature white blood cell

platelets are formed

in the RBM and are fragments of megakaryocytes; the hormone thrombopoietin from the liver increases platelet production.

The function of erythropoietin is to

increase RBC production.

Heme of hemoglobin

is converted to bilirubin, which the liver excretes into bile to be eliminated in feces.

Any urobilinogen absorbed

is converted to urobilin and excreted by the kidneys in urine.

abnormal clotting(thrombosis)

is prevented by the very smooth endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that lines blood vessels; heparin, which inhibits the clotting process; and an- tithrombin (synthesized by the liver), which in- activates excess thrombin.

Iron

is returned to the RBM or stored in the liver.

jaundice

is the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, perhaps the result of liver disease.

clot retracrion

is the folding of the fibrin threads to pull the cut edges of the vessel closer together to facilitate repair. Fibrinolysis is the dissolving of the clot once it has served its purpose.

plasma

is the liquid part of blood and is approximately 91% water.

the organ that produces erythropoietin during hypoxia is the

kidney

vascular spasm

large vessels constrict when damaged, the myogenic response. Platelets re- lease serotonin, which also causes vasoconstric- tion. The break in the vessel is made smaller and may be closed with a blood clot.

White Blood Cells

leukocytes

RBCs

live for 120 days and are then phagocy- tized by macrophages in the liver, spleen, and RBM

Lymphatic tissue is found in all of these except the

liver

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

the WBCs that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies are

lymphocytes

viscosity of blood

means thickness or resistance to fow. Blood is about three to fve times thicker than water. Viscosity is increased by the presence of blood cells and the plasma proteins, and this thickness contributes to normal blood pressure.

The WBCs that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens are the

monocytes and neutrophils

Immature RBCs

normoblasts (have nuclei) and reticulocytes; large numbers in peripheral circu- lation indicate a need for more RBCs to carry oxygen

Which of the following is NOT transported by blood plasma?

oxygen

A hematocrit is a measure of the

percentage of RBCs in the total blood

Neutrophils

phagocytize pathogens

which statement is NOT true of prevention of blood loss in ruptured vessels?

platelet plugs are useful only in medium-sized vessels.

the clotting factors are

prothrombin, fibrinogen, and others are synthe- sized by the liver and circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel.

T cells

recognize foreign antigens and de- stroy them and also provide memory for pathogens, in turn providing immunity.

The last immature stage in RBC production is the

reticulocyte, which may be found in circulating blood.

platelet plug

rupture of a capillary creates a rough surface to which platelets stick and form a barrier over the break

A large artery that is cut can contract in vascular spasm because its wall contains

smooth muscle

the cells in the hemopoietic tissues that undergo mitosis to produce all the types of blood cells are called

stem cells

Hypoxia

stimulates the kidneys to produce the hormone erythropoietin, which increases the rate of RBC production (mitosis of stem cells) in the RBM.

The intrinsic factor needed for absorption of the extrinsic factor is produced by cells lining the

stomach

platelets help maintain

the endothelium of blood vessels and are involved in all mechanisms of hemostasis (prevention of blood loss)

Which statement is NOT true of RBC formation?

the intrinsic factor is produced by the liver to prevent digestion of vitamin B12

albumin

the most abundant plasma protein. It, too, is synthesized by the liver. Albumin contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which pulls tissue fluid into capillaries. This is im- portant to maintain normal blood volume and blood pres- sure.

Which ststement is NOT true of destruction of old RBCs?

the normal life span of RBCs is 90 days.

pH

the normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline. Venous blood normally has a slightly lower pH than does arterial blood because of the pres- ence of more carbon dioxide.

In chemical clotting, fibrinogen is split to fibrin by

thrombin

Platelets

thrombocytes

the extrinsic factor needes for DNA synthesis in the red bone marrow is

vitamin B12

Also in the plasma are the plasma proteins.

which are produced by the liver

Also called erythrocytes, red blood cells (RBCs) are bi- concave discs

which means their centers are thinner than their edges. Red blood cells are the only human cells without nuclei. Their nuclei disintegrate as the red blood cells mature and are not needed for normal functioning