chapter 11
Children who watch more than _____ minutes of television per day are more likely to be overweight or obese.
120
Physical activity accounts for what percentage of total energy output per day?
15-35 %
Adults who watch more than _____ hour(s) of television per day may gain a significant amount of body weight over time.
3
If a woman's waist circumference is greater than_____ inches, she is at an increased risk for chronic diseases.
35
Consuming an excess of _______ calories in one week will result in a weight gain of one pound per week.
3500
How much energy does 10 grams of carbohydrate provide?
40
If a man's waist circumference is greater than _____ inches, he is at an increased risk for developing chronic diseases.
40
The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the amount of energy the body needs to digest, absorb, metabolize, and store the food you consume. Though the TEF varies somewhat depending on the type of food, in general, what percentage of calories in the food consumed is used for TEF?
5-10%
Individuals who want to gain approximately one to two pounds of body weight per week need to consume at least ______ calories more per day than what is required to maintain their weight.
500-1000
The basal metabolic rate accounts for what percentage of our total energy output?
60-75%
Approximately _________ percent_ of obese children maintain their higher weight as adults.
70
How many kcals are in 1 gram of fat?
9
bioelectrical impedance analysis
A device that uses an electrical current to estimate body fat percentage
apple shape
A fat distribution in the upper body which increases the risk for chronic diseases.
bod pod
A machine that uses air displacement to estimate body fat percentage
skinfold measurement
A method that uses calipers to measure the fat beneath the skin
morbid obesity
A person's body weight exceeds 100 percent of normal
Which of the following factors is known to increase satiety?
A rise in the blood glucose level
thrifty gene theory
An inherited tendency for our body to expend less energy at rest and while exercising
ratio of a person's body weight to height is
BMI
Which of the following is a limitation of body mass index (BMI)?
BMI has limited consideration of body composition
bombesin, neuropeptide, cholecystokinin are
Bombesin is a hormone that stimulates satiety and is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. Neuropeptide Y is secreted from the part of the brain known as the hypothalamus to stimulate hunger. Cholecystokinin is hormone that stimulates satiety and is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract.
weight maintained
Energy intake equals energy expenditure
weight gain
Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure
Which of the following thoughts is associated with disruptive eating patterns?
I have fasted or avoided eating for long periods of time to lose weight.
Which of the following statements is an example of a recommended step when talking to friends or family members who may have an eating disorder?
I'm concerned about you because I've noticed you've started skipping breakfast and lunch.
leptin is not
Leptin is a satiety hormone secreted from the pancreas.
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain basic physiologic functions and keep the body alive. However, this rate is different for each person. Consider the following statements regarding the factors that affect the basal metabolic rate.
Stress will affect your BMR. Lean body mass is more metabolically active than body fat.
Which agency reports data on the trends in adult obesity in the United States?
The CDC tracks and reports trends in obesity with the Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
basal metabolic rate
The largest component of our energy expenditure each day
underwater weighing
The most accurate method to estimate body fat percentage
body composition
The ratio of a person's body fat to lean body mass
thermic effect of food
The smallest component of our energy expenditure each day
Which is the correct equation to use when calculating body mass index?
Weight (kg)/Height (m)2
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding satiety and hunger?
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding satiety and hunger? Signals from the stomach and small intestine stimulate the hypothalamus to perceive satiety and hunger. An increase in blood glucose levels stimulates the pancreas to release insulin and the hypothalamus to perceive satiety. Glucagon, released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low, stimulates the hypothalamus to perceive hunger.
eating disorder
a clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorder characterized by severe disturbances in body image and eating behaviors
binge eating disorder
a disorder characterized by binge eating usually twice a week or more followed by purging
disordered eating
a general term used to describe a variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviors that are used to keep or maintain a lower body weight
leptin
a hormone produced by body fat that acts to reduce food intake and to decrease body weight and body fat
BMI
a measurement representing the ratio of a person's body weight to his or her height
body image
a person's perception of his or hers body's appearance and functioning
ghrelin
a protein synthesized in the stomach that acts as a hormone and plays an important role in appetite regulation by stimulation appetite
satiety
a state of no longer having a desire to eat
brown adipose tissue
a type of adipose tissue that has more mitochondria than white adipose tissue and which can increase energy expenditure by uncoupling oxidation from ATP production. It is found in significant amounts in animals and newborns
Disordered eating is a term used to describe _______.
a variety of atypical eating behaviors
Risk factors for metabolic syndrome include:
abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose.
Amenorrhea is _________.
absence of menstruation resulting from inadequate energy intake
The female athlete triad consists of three conditions, including low energy availability/level, osteoporosis, and __________.
amenorrhea (menstrual disruption)
healthful weight
appropriate for your gender, age genetics physical development and family history
Obesity is defined
as a BMI, or body mass index, greater or equal to 30.
bodys total daily energy expenditure includes
basal metabolic rate thermal effect of food and effect of physical activity
A healthful body weight can and should __________.
be achieved and sustained without severely curtailing food or constantly dieting
An accurate way to determine a person's energy requirement is to:
calculate the basal metabolic rate and add in the calories expended with activity.
Obesity has been associated with an increased risk for __________.
cancer diabetes heart disease and stroke
metabolic syndrome
cluster of risk factors that increase one's risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke including abdominal obesity higher than normal triglyceride levels, lower than normal HDL cholesterol levels and higher than normal blood pressure (more than 130/85 mmHg) and elevated fasting blood glucose levels
Family can influence disordered eating behaviors. Compared to families without a member with an eating disorder, families with people with eating disorders tend to be associated with ____.
compulsivity
set point theory
dea that our body will naturally gravitate toward a certain weight level
Overeating is known to increase by ___________.
easy access to food
The thrifty gene theory suggests that some people have a gene (or genes) that causes them to be _________.
energetically thrifty
weight loss
energy intake is less than energy expenditure
A goal for outpatient counseling for eating disorders includes _____.
establishing structured eating behaviors
Basal metabolic rate begins to decrease starting at around age 50.
false
Body mass index would be an accurate method for assessing the weight status of a professional body builder.
false
Exercise alone will significantly reduce body weight.
false
Lower-body obesity, also known as pear-shaped fat patterning, increases a person's risk for chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.
false
More energy is required to digest, transport, and store dietary fat than carbohydrate or protein.
false
Most studies show that overweight people overestimate the amount of energy (or food) they consume.
false
Over-the-counter supplements marketed for weight loss are strictly controlled by the Food and Drug Administration.
false
The Bod Pod is a body composition method that uses low level x-rays.
false
The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that is responsible for satiety, or feeling full.
false
Waist and hip circumference measurements can determine _______.
fat distribution pattern
Which grouping of signs and symptoms is associated with anorexia nervosa?
fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea, and decreased bone mineral density
In terms of body functioning compatibility, a healthful body weight should be primarily compatible with normal blood pressure, lipid levels, and ______.
glucose tolerance
overweight
having a moderate amount of excess fat resulting in a person weighing more than an accepted standard for a given height but not considered obese
obesity
having an excess of body fat that adversely affects health resulting in a person weighing much more that an accepted standard for a given height
underweight
having too little body fat to maintain healthy causing a person to weigh less than an acceptably defined standard for a given height
Safe, effective weight gain can be achieved by eating frequent meals with _______ foods.
healthful, energy-dense
A body mass index (BMI) of 19.5 is considered ______.
healthy weight
Body mass index is the ratio of a person's body weight in kilograms to his or her __________.
height in meters squared
A reasonable diet focusing on macronutrient composition that would be healthful and effective in decreasing body weight for some people is________.
high complex-carbohydrate, moderate fat, moderate protein
Which of the following factors increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
higher lean body mass
Which one of the following recommendations could be safely used to increase muscle mass?
increased training
Many prescription medications currently available for obesity treatment decrease appetite and increase satiety. Orlistat _________.
inhibits absorption of dietary fat
The best treatment option for people who are medically unstable or display signs of malnutrition is likely ___.
inpatient hospitalization
night eating syndrome
intake of majority of days energy between 8 pm and 6 am - also experience mood and sleep disorders
The primary determinant of basal metabolic rate (BMR) is ___________.
lean body mass
Among the common surgical treatments for obesity, a method that is not recommended as a treatment for obesity or morbid obesity is ______.
liposuction
female athlete triad
low energy availability, menstrural dysfunction and low bone density
3 key strategies for healthful weight loss are
making gradual changes in energy intake engaging in regular and appropriate physical activity and applying behavioral modification techniques
If a person is 100 percent or more above his or her normal weight, he or she is classified as __________.
morbidly obese
what is true about obesity?
obesity is associated with a risk of premature death that is 18% higher than that of someone of normal weight
An example of a healthful energy-dense food is____.
peanut butter
peptide YY (PYY)
protein produced by the gastrointestinal tract that is released after the meal in amounts proportional to the energy content of the meal; it decreases appetite and in habits food intake
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by _______.
recurring episodes of extreme overeating (binging) followed by compensating behavior (purging).
Components of a healthy weight loss program would include:
regular physical activity
obesity treatment
responds to lifestyle interventions such as dieting/ exercise, meds have side effects and surgery is only used as a last resort
Physiological factors that are known to increase satiety include an increase in blood glucose levels, nutrient absorption from the small intestine, and _______.
stomach expansion
Responsible obesity treatment measures include: lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and _________.
surgery
energy intake
the amount of food a person eats
set point theory proposes that
the body raises or lowers energy expenditure in response to changes in food intake and physical activity
thermic effect of food
the energy expended as a result of processing food consumed
energy cost of physical activity
the energy that is expended on body movement and muscular work above basal levels
energy expenditure
the energy the body expends to maintain its basic functions and to perform all levels of movement and activity
basal metabolic rate
the energy the body expends to maintain its fundamental physiologic functions
body composition
the ratio of a person's body fat to lean body body mass
thrift gene theory
the theory that some people posses a gene that causes them to be energetically thrifty
set point theory
the theory that the body raises or lowers energy expenditure in response to increased or decreased food intake and physical activity. this action maintains an individual's body weight within a narrow range
Popular diets emphasizing low carbohydrate intake are controversial partly because _______.
they have limited evidence about possible long-term consequences, health risks, and side effects
A useful way to help control portion sizes is to use smaller dishes and glasses.
true
After the age of 30, basal metabolic rates decrease by 3-5 percent every ten years.
true
Aside from daily weight variations resulting from one's fluid intake and state of hydration and dehydration, fluctuation in body weight is dependent on the relationship between the calories we consume and the calories we expend.
true
Body composition measures what percentage of a person's body weight is fat tissue and what percentage is lean or muscle tissue.
true
Individuals who desire to gain weight should eat a balanced diet rich in heart healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and seeds.
true
Studies show when children and adults are given large portion sizes of foods and beverages, they eat more.
true
The type and amount of food you eat can stimulate appetite.
true
Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio can determine your risk for chronic diseases.
true
A person's risk of developing ________ and high blood pressure increases when the person's body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30.
type 2 diabetes
The most accurate method for measuring body fat composition is __________.
underwater weighing
Healthful weight change involves three primary strategies: gradual changes in energy intake, appropriate physical activity, and __________.
using behavior modification techniques
Which of the following nutrients provides no calories?
vitamins
morbid obesity
where a person's body weight exceeds 100% of normal putting him or her in a very high risk for serious health consequences
For _____ a waist circumference more than ____ inches can indicate increased risk for chronic disease.
women; 35