Chapter 11 - Endocrine System

*Endocrine System* 1. Produces hormones (endocrine glands)that travel through blood stream to distant cells/tissues to produce effects 2. Slow acting with sustained response 3. May act on all cells/tissues in the body as it travels through blood stream 4. Binds to specific receptors on or in target cells

*Nervous System* 1. Neurotransmitters produced by and stored in neurons 2. Travel across synaptic cleft (short distance) to produce effects on postsynaptic neurons in muscle/tissue/glands 3. Quick acting response but not prolonged 4. Act only on neurons innervating muscle cells, glands, other neurons (must be stimulated and reach threshold)

The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus: 1. _____ is a hormone that increases water absorption in the renal tubules of kidneys and causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure. 2. _____ stimulates uterine contractions during both labor and breeding and may play a role in mother-offspring bonding

1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) --> prevents diuresis 2. Oxytocin

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus in two different ways. The anterior pituitary (adenohypophesis) is linked to the hypothalamus through a series of blood vessels, a system called the __(1)__. The hypothalamus communicates and controls activities of the anterior pituitary by secreting __(2)__ and __(3)__ factors. Release of these factors can either stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones or inhibit the production and release of hormones.

1. Portal System 2. Releasing 3. Inhibiting

The pancreas is located near the duodenum of the small intestines. The Islet of Langerhans perform as an endocrine structure and produce which 3 hormones? 1. ____: inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone and diminishes activity of the gastrointestinal tract 2. ____: decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycolysis (catabolism of glucose, amino acids, and lipids for ATP synthesis) 3. ____: increases blood glucose levels by decreasing cellular uptake of blood glucose and stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver

1. Somatostatin 2. Insulin [in] --> glucose in (cells uptake glucose i.e. decrease glucose levels in blood) 3. Glucagon [gluco] = glucose --> glucose gone from cells (cells don't uptake glucose i.e. increasing glucose levels in blood)

The adrenal gland located just cranial the kidneys. The adrenal gland is divided in to the ______ or the outer glandular layer and the _____ or inner core composed of nervous tissue.

The adrenal gland is divided in to the *Cortex* or the outer glandular layer and the *Medulla* or inner core composed of nervous tissue. *[ad]* = near *[renal]* = kidney ADRENAL = near kidney *cortex* = secretes steroids and small amounts of sex hormones *medulla* = secretes epenephrine and norepinephrine (fight-or-flight hormones)

Matching Anterior Pituitary Hormones a. Growth Hormone b. Prolactin c. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone d. Adrenocortcotropic Hormone e. Follicle-stimulating Hormone f. Luteinizing Hormone g. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone 1. Stimulates and maintains lactation 2. Stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries and secretion of estrogens; in males, it stimulates spermatogenesis 3. Stimulates production of melanin in the skin 4. Stimulates adrenal cortex growth and secretion of its hormones 5. Regulates metabolism and promotes muscle and bone growth in young animals 6. Stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum; in males, it stimulates secretion of androgens 7. Stimulates development of the thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

a. *Growth Hormone* --> 5. Regulates metabolism and promotes muscle and bone growth in young animals b. *Prolactin* --> 1. Stimulates and maintains lactation c. *Thyroid-stimulating Hormone* --> 7. Stimulates development of the thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones d. *Adrenocortcotropic Hormone* --> 4. Stimulates adrenal cortex growth and secretion of its hormones e. *Follicle-stimulating Hormone* --> 2. Stimulates growth and development of follicles in the ovaries and secretion of estrogens; in males, it stimulates spermatogenesis f. *Luteinizing Hormone* --> 6. Stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum; in males, it stimulates secretion of androgens g. *Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone* --> 3. Stimulates production of melanin in the skin

10. What's the role of the hormone aldosterone? a. Aldosterone regulates sodium, potassium, and water levels b. Aldosterone regulates blood glucose levels c. Aldosterone is a sex hormone in males d. Aldosterone controls the level of cellular metabolism

a. Aldosterone regulates sodium, potassium, and water levels *NOTE:* *Aldosterone*stimulates renal tubules of kidneys to: --> uptake Na+ (and water) --> excrete K+

Match each pancreatic hormone to the type of cells that secrete it. a. Alpha cell b. Beta cells c. Delta cells 1. Glucagon 2. Insulin 3. Somatostatin

a. Alpha cell --> 1. Glucagon b. Beta cells --> 2. Insulin c. Delta cells --> 3. Somatostatin

Endocrine glands produce a variety of hormones. Match each endocrine gland to their respective hormones. a. Anterior Pituitary Gland b. Adrenal Gland c. Parathyroid d. Hypothalamus e. Pancreas f. Thyroid 1. Insulin 2. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin 3. Growth hormones and stimulating hormones 4. Calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine 5. Parathyroid hormone 6. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids

a. Anterior Pituitary Gland --> 3. Growth hormones and stimulating hormones b. Adrenal Gland --> 6. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids c. Parathyroid --> 5. Parathyroid hormone d. Hypothalamus --> 2. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin e. Pancreas --> 1. Insulin f. Thyroid --> 4. Calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine

Which hormones does the hypothalamus produce? a. Antidiuretic hormone b. Oxytocin c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone

a. Antidiuretic hormone b. Oxytocin

Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, causing what effect of the blood stream? a. Blood sugar increases b. Blood calcium level decreases c. Blood calcium level increases d. Blood sugar decreases

a. Blood sugar increases (hyperglycemic effect) gluconeogenesis = production of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrate (lipids, proteins, lactate, etc.)

11. Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones? a. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone b. Somatostatin and melatonin c. Epinephrine and norepinephrine d. Insulin and glucagon

a. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Cells in the stomach produce which hormone? a. Gastrin b. Melatonin c. Secretin d. Glucagon

a. Gastrin *REMEMBER:* gastrin stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and other digestive enzymes into stomach and encourages contractions of stomach wall

The endocrine function of the pancreas is carried out by clumps of cells called a. Islets of Langerhans b. Theta cells c. Interstitial cells d. Pineal bodies

a. Islets of Langerhans *NOTE:* pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine *Islets of Langerhans* secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

Match each type of hormone to the best description a. Monoamine hormones b. Steroid hormones c. Peptide hormones 1. Hydrophilic; can be transported easily in the blood 2. Hydrophobic; require hydrophilic transport proteins to be transported in the blood 3. Can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic

a. Monoamine hormones --> 3. Can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic b. Steroid hormones --> 2. Hydrophobic; require hydrophilic transport proteins to be transported in the blood c. Peptide hormones --> 1. Hydrophilic; can be transported easily in the blood

9. Cholecystokinin is secreted by the _____ a. Small intestines b. Adrenal cortex c. Pancreas d. Stomach

a. Small intestines *REMEMBER:* secretes both secretin and cholecystokinin to stimulate secretions from gallbladder and pancrease for digestion and decrease gut motility

12. Which statement best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland? a. The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus b. The posterior pituitary gland communicates with the hypothalamus via a system of blood vessels c. The posterior pituitary gland regulates the secretion of hormones from they hypothalamus d. The posterior pituitary gland secretes exocrine substances directly into the hypothalamus

a. The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Which gland is only active during infancy and atrophies in adulthood? a. Thymus b. Placenta c. Hypothalamus d. Pituitary Gland

a. Thymus Involved in development of T-lymphocytes and immune system strength (Thymosin & Thymopoietin)

Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of T-lymphocytes and helps strengthen the immune system in young animals? *Select all that apply* a. Thymosin b. Antidiuretic Hormone c. Growth Hormone d. Thymopoietin e. Aldosterone

a. and b. Thymosin and Thymopoietin (secreted by Thymus in young animals) [Thym] = Thymus

Which of the following are endocrine organs active during specific stages of life? *Select all that apply* a. Thymus b. Pancreas c. Placenta d. Pineal body

a. and c. Thymus and Placenta

The ovaries produce ova and hormones in a cyclical cycle throughout most of a females life. Which of the following hormones are produced in the ovaries? *Select all that apply* a. Estrogen b. Prolactin c. Androgen d. Progestin

a. and d. Estrogen and Progestin *REMEMBER:* Secretions of ovaries controlled by LH and FSH from anterior pituitary Estrogens = breeding Progesterone = prepares uterus for pregnancy.

Which type of gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream? a. Autocrine b. Endocrine c. Exocrine d. Paracrine

b. Endocrine

The kidneys are important structures that filter blood. They also secrete this hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. a. Secretin b. Erythropoietin c. Thymopoietin d. Progestin

b. Erythropoietin *NOTE:* is stimulated by lack of O2 in blood stream (*hypoxia*)

Which of the following would NOT occur when *secretin* and *cholecystokinin* are secreted. *Select all that apply* a. Gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the small intestines b. Gut motility increases c. Pancreas releases digestive enzymes d. Stomach motility and secretion of gastric acids is inhibited e. Gut motility slows

b. Gut motility increases Secretin and Cholecystokinin are secreted by duodenum of small intestines during digestion [Chole] = gall; [Cysto] = sac i.e. Gallbladder

____ is an excessive level of glucose in the blood. a. Hypocalcemia b. Hyperglycemia c. Hypoglycemia d. Hypercalcemia

b. Hyperglycemia *REMEMBER:* Diabetes can result in hyperglycemia --> *diabetes:* insulin deficiency or lack of response to insulin due to damaged pancreas cells Glucocorticoids of the adrenal gland can cause a *hyperglycemic effect* by increasing blood glucose

Two endocrine glands that work together to control many other glands in the body are the a. Hypothalamus and thyroid glands b. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland c. Thyroid and parathyroid glands d. Pituitary and parathyroid glands

b. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

5. The endocrine function of the pancreas is carried out by clusters of cells called what? a. Portal cells b. Islets of Langerhans c. Adrenergic Cells d. Cortical Cells

b. Islets of Langerhans

Secretion of which hormone is thought to be regulated by daylight? a. Somatostatin b. Melatonin c. Thymosin d. Cholecystokinin

b. Melatonin

18. The thyroid is stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone by a stimulating hormone released by which gland or glands? a. Parathyroid b. Pituitary gland c. Adrenal glands d. Pancreas

b. Pituitary gland Specifically anterior pituitary

4. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone induces the production of melanin in cells or which organ or organs? a. Pancreas b. Skin c. Ovaries d. Kidneys

b. Skin

What type of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? a. Peptide b. Steroid c. Monoamine d. Epinephrine

b. Steroid Adrenal cortex secretes *steroids* *[-corticoid]* = steroid isolated from adrenal cortex 1. *Glucocorticoid* [gluco] = glucos --> steroid from adrenal cortex pertaining to glucose --> glycemic effect (increased blood glucos) through gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis) 2. Mineralocorticoid (includes *Aldosterone*) steroid from adrenal cortex pertaining to mineral (electrolytes) --> Na+ and water uptake --> K+ excretion

16. Which of the following endocrine glands is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system rather than by a feedback loop? a. The adrenal cortex b. The adrenal medulla c. The ovaries d. The pituitary gland

b. The adrenal medulla

13. How do the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland communicate? a. Via nervous tissue outgrowth from the hypothalamus b. Via a system of blood vessels called the portal system c. Via reflex arc d. Via direct contact with each other

b. Via a system of blood vessels called the portal system

Which of the following are sex hormones? *Select all that apply* a. Somatostatin b. Testosterone c. Progesterone d. Insulin

b. and c. Testosterone and Progesterone *NOTE:* Estrogen is also a female sex hormone

Most endocrine glands are monitored through feedback systems. Which of the following do not use feedback systems as a control mechanism for hormone secretion? a. Pituitary Gland b. Hypothalamus c. Adrenal Medulla d. Parathyroid Gland

c. Adrenal Medulla --> stimulated by sympathetic nervous system ("fight-or-flight" response) --> produce catacholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

3. Which term is a group of hormones that controls the development of secondary sex characteristics in males? a. Thyroid hormones b. Progestins c. Androgen d. Estrogens

c. Androgen *NOTE:* females sex hormones = estrogens and progestins

Which hormone from the thyroid gland regulates calcium levels by preventing hypercalcemia? a. Thyroid Hormone b. Parathyroid Hormone c. Calcitonin d. Antidiuretic Hormone

c. Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit Ca2+ into bony matrix *Remember:* Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Calcitonin opposes effects of PTH from parathyroid gland

Which monoamine hormone is hydrophilic and is dissolved in the blood stream for transport to target cells? a. Peptide Hormones b. Steroid c. Catecholamines d. Thyroid Hormones

c. Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) *NOTE:* Hormones divided into Peptide, Steroid, Monoamine Monoamines = amino acid derivatives 1. *Catecholamines* (epinephrine and norepinephrine) --> hydrophilic with receptors on cell membranes --> similar to peptide hormones 2. *Thyroid Hormones* --> hydrophobic with receptors in cytoplasm/nucleus of cell --> similar to steroid hormones

The adrenal glands are located on the ____ end of the kidneys a. Rostral b. Ventral c. Cranial d. Caudal

c. Cranial

Salivary glands have a system of ducts through which they secrete saliva. What type of gland are salivary glands? a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Exocrine d. Endocrine

c. Exocrine

Of the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, which one produces a hyperglycemic effect, resists the effects of stress, and maintains blood pressure? a. Mineralocorticoid Hormones b. Aldosterone c. Glucocorticoid Hormones d. Glucagon

c. Glucocorticoid Hormones *REMEMBER:* Mineralocorticoids include Aldosterone (direct effect on kidneys) --> stimulate uptake of Na+ & water and excretion of K+ in renal tubes

The testes and ovaries are responsible for production and secretion of sex hormone. _____ is the hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to coninuously produce *androgen*. a. Prolactin b. Follicle-stimulating hormone c. Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) d. Calcitonin

c. Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) *NOTE:* ICSH is Luteinizing Hormone (LH) just the male version

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland produce hormones that stimulate the thyroid. When the level of thyroid hormones is sufficiently high, it inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary gland from secreting thyroid-stimulating hormones. This provides an example of what type of regulation? a. Autonomous feedback b. Direct stimulation c. Negative feedback d. Positive feedback

c. Negative feedback

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor, stimulates milk production, and may have a role in mother-offspring bonding? a. Growth hormone b. Luteinizing hormone c. Oxytocin d. Vasopressin

c. Oxytocin

Diabetes mellitus can be caused by inappropriate regulation of the endocrine activity of which organ or organs? a. Small intestines b. Ovaries c. Pancreas d. Kidneys

c. Pancreas *NOTE* Diabetes mellitus is deficiency of insulin secretion or lack of responsiveness to presence of *insulin*

The ______ is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain by a short stalk. Cells of this gland produce the hormone _____ which helps regulates circadian rhythm and seasonal estrous in some species. a. Pineal Gland; Thymosin b. Adrenal Medulla; Epinephrine c. Pineal Gland; Melatonin d. Hypothalamus; Oxytocin

c. Pineal Gland; Melatonin *NOTE:* Melatonin secretion may be influenced by amount and duration of sun in an environment

14. A gland that produces a hormone monitors the hormone's levels in the blood and produces more of the hormone with rising levels of the hormone. What type of regulation does this hormone have? a. Direct stimulation b. Secretion feedback c. Positive feedback d. Negative feedback

c. Positive feedback

_____ are homone-like substances organized into nine families produced by a variety of body tissue. a. Erythropoietins b. Digestive enzymes c. Prostaglandins d. Stimulating hormone

c. Prostaglandins

What's the physiological role of calcitonin? a. Maintaining blood glucose levels b. Stimulating production of melanin c. Regulating calcium levels d. Controlling cell metabolism

c. Regulating calcium levels calcitonin prevents *hypercalcemia* (high blood calcium) by stimulating osteoblasts to lay down bony matrix

Which of the following types of hydrophobic hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? a. Peptide hormones b. Adrenergic hormones c. Steroid hormones d. Monoamine hormones

c. Steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

2. The thyroid gland is located next to which other organ or organs? a. Kidneys b. Stomach c. Trachea d. Liver

c. Trachea

19. Which of the following produces aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and androgens? a. Parathyroid glands b. Pituitary gland c. Kidneys d. Adrenal gland

d. Adrenal gland *REMEMBER* --> adrenal *cortex* secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and small amounts of sex hormones

7. How does parathyroid hormone exert its affect? a. Causes kidneys to retain water b. Causes kidneys to excrete water c. Causes kidneys to excrete calcium d. Causes kidneys to retain calcium

d. Causes kidneys to retain calcium *REMEMBER*: parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels --> kidneys retain Ca2+ --> intestines absorb Ca2+ from food --> withdraws Ca2+ from bone stores (osteoclasts are stimulated to break down bone)

The placenta encloses the fetus during pregnancy and forms the interface between fetal and maternal circulation. Which hormone is secreted in large amounts by cells of the *placenta*? a. Estrogen b. Progestine c. Oxytocin d. Chorionic gonadotropin

d. Chorionic gonadotropin *NOTE:* placenta excretes small amounts of estrogen and progesterone but its main secretion is chorionic gonadotropin--*maintains pregnancy* [Chorion] = outermost membrane surrounding an embryo

8. The "fight-or-flight" hormones are ____ a. Insulin and glucagon b. Androgens and estrogens c. Aldosterone and acetylcholine d. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

d. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

6. Which of the following groups of hormones are NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex? a. Sex hormones b. Glucocorticoids c. Mineralocorticoids d. Fight-or-flight hormones

d. Fight-or-flight hormones *REMEMBER* fight-flight hormones secreted by the medulla not the cortex.

The parathyroid glands just caudal to the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which prevents which of the following conditions? a. Hyperglycemia b. Hypoglycemia c. Hypercalcemia d. Hypocalcemia

d. Hypocalcemia PTH opposes Calcitonin from thyroid gland --> causes Ca2+ retention by kidneys, absorption in intestines, and osteoclast breakdown bone to release Ca2+

1. Which organ or organs are the adrenal glands in closest proximity to? a. Lungs b. Testes c. Brain d. Kidneys

d. Kidneys

What gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions? a. Thymus b. Pituitary c. Hypothalamus d. Pancreas

d. Pancreas

The corpus luteum is a endocrine structure that produces which hormone? a. Prolactin b. Estrogen c. Androgen d. Progesterone

d. Progesterone

Which hormone secreted by the Thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolic rates and stimulating nervous tissue growth in young animals? a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid Hormone c. Hypothalamus Hormone d. Thyroid Hormone

d. Thyroid Hormone --> nervous tissue growth in young animals --> regulate metabolic rates (protein synthesis and maintenance of glucose levels) --> maintain internal body temp