CHAPTER 11 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING
Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that e-cigarette use among middle- and high-school students rose ______ between 2011 and 2015.
900%
Coronary heart disease has been linked to Type ___ behavior in men, but not women.
A
The Type ______ behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility and competitiveness, which has a negative impact on health.
A
The behavior pattern that shows hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven is known as type
A
Who is most likely to be alive 10 years after breast cancer surgery?
A woman who adopts a "fighting spirit."
Which of the following lists the correct order of the general adaptation syndrome stages?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
A patient who withholds information from a doctor because he or she doesn't want to be seen in a bad light is an example of what?
An obstacle in patient/doctor communication.
Negatively framed messages are most effective for producing what type of behavior?
Any behavior that will lead to the detection of a disease
______ coping is not a very effective strategy in which a person uses wishful thinking to reduce stress.
Avoidant
Type ______ behavior is characterized by cooperation and a noncompetitive nature.
B
Which of the following are beneficial effects of participating in psychological therapy after being diagnosed with cancer?
Decreased anxiety Less pain Longer life
Which of the following is an example of an indirect health-related behavior resulting from stress?
Decreased compliance with medical advice.
Which of the following is an example of a direct physiological effect of stress?
Elevated blood pressure
At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?
Exhaustion
Which of the following is/are examples of noncompliance with medical advice?
Failing to take prescribed medication Not following a diet Failing to show for a doctor's appointment
Isaac always tries to get the best grade in class, but tends to be highly cooperative at home. This suggests that
Isaac is not completely a Type A or Type B personality
Which of the following are ways to improve communication with your doctor? (Select all that apply.)
Make a list of your concerns before your doctor's appointment. Know all medications you are on and tell your doctor. Bring an advocate to help you communicate and listen. Take notes during your visit.
Which one of the following is the single most effective treatment for smoking cessation, especially when combined with other techniques?
Nicotine replacement
Which of the following is considered an obstacle in physician/patient communication?
Patients who do not report information out of a concern about looking bad.
Positively framed messages are most effective for what types of behaviors?
Preventative behaviors
Which of the following can health-care providers do to increase patient compliance?
Provide honest assessments. Maintain warm relationships with patients. Provide clear instructions.
The field that studies the relationship of psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Which statement best describes the relationship between social support and stress?
Social support is associated with experiencing less stress.
Who is most likely to deny the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in his or her town?
Someone living in a building known to be unlikely to withstand a quake.
Which of the following aspects of smoking have a genetic component?
Starting smoking How much people smoke Ability to quit smoking Developing smoking-related cancer
Which statement most accurately reflects the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease in men and women?
The Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease is more clearly established in men than in women.
How do drugs such as Zyban and Chantrix help people quit smoking?
These drugs work with the brain's chemistry to decrease cravings
Which of the following is a good way to cope with a threatening situation?
Turn the threatening situation into a challenge.
Which of the following is a reliable indicator of a higher likelihood of developing coronary heart disease?
Type A personalities
Which of the following aspects of smoking does not have a genetic component?
Type of cigarette smoked
Which of the following are examples of stressors?
Writing a paper Planning a graduation party Moving into a new apartment Divorce
Type A and Type B behavior patterns represent ______, and most people fall somewhere in between the two endpoints.
a continuum
Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of participating in psychological therapy after being diagnosed with cancer?
a cure
Exposure to stress generates a rise in hormone secretions by the _____ glands.
adrenal
During the ______ and mobilization stage of GAS one becomes aware of the presence of a stressor.
alarm
The ______ phase of the GAS occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.
alarm
Your body follows a specific series of three stages in the general adaptation syndrome. In the correct order from first to last, the series is ______, ______, and ______.
alarm resistance exhaustion
In the case of _______, it is possible that positive emotional responses may help generate specialized "killer" cells that help control the size and spread of cancerous tumors.
cancer
Disasters such as tornadoes and plane crashes are classified as _____ stressors.
cataclysmic
The three components of hardiness are seeing change as a challenge, _______, and _______.
commitment control
Efforts to control, reduce, or tolerate threats that lead to stress are called ______ strategies.
coping
The cognitive and behavioral efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress is known as
coping
______ nonadherence is when a patient changes his or her treatment because he or she knows better than the doctor.
creative
_____ hassles can add up and become more stressful than any single event.
daily
Background stressors are also known as
daily hassles
Having to wait for two light cycles to get through an intersection does not bother you most of the time but today, when you broke your shoelace, you spilled your coffee and you are running late, you find it more stressful than normal. This reflects the effects of
daily hassles
Denial is one of several _______ mechanisms that help people avoid dealing with their problems.
defense
What psychological disorder is learned helplessness associated with?
depression
Individuals often use both ______ focused coping as well as problem-solving coping strategies simultaneously to deal with stress.
emotion
______ focused coping strategies involve managing emotional responses to stressors rather than dealing with the stressors themselves.
emotion
Betty has decided to focus on the likelihood of a job advancement and raise as she continues to work late five days a week and often come in on the weekends. Betty is engaged in a(n) ______ coping strategy.
emotion-focused
What term is used when people try to manage their stress by seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive problems?
emotion-focused coping
If, in response to a stressor, a person stops experiencing emotions and becomes unaffected by the stressor, s/he is using which of the following coping strategies?
emotional insulation
People who use the coping strategy known as ______ stop experiencing any emotions at all and remain unaffected and unmoved by both positive and negative experiences.
emotional insulation
Although there is conflicting evidence, health psychologists believe that patients' ______ may at least partially determine the course of their disease.
emotions
Having friends who smoke and seeing smoking in movies are examples of ______ factors that affect smoking behavior.
environmental
During the ______ stage of GAS a person's ability to fight declines.
exhaustion
The stage of Selye's GAS in which physical illness, irritability, and other symptoms may appear is
exhaustion
Happy people tend to be ______ and have network of close friends.
extroverted
Behavioral strategies to help people quit smoking are
fairly effective
True or false: Doctors should not concern themselves with a patient's culture because physically ill humans are all the same.
false
(male/female) physicians tend to provide more patient-centered communication than do (male/female) physicians.
female male
Behavioral approaches to stop smoking work
for about 60% of people.
Eric's two grandfathers died from lung cancer from smoking. Eric and his father still smoke even after trying to quit numerous times. This example provides evidence for a ______ component for smoking patterns.
genetic
Income used to purchase services that allow us more free time produces _______ income spent on objects.
greater happiness than
A personality characteristic that consists of commitment, challenge, and control is known as ______.
hardiness
_______ is a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.
hardiness
_______ is when people cope with stress most successfully.
hardiness
______ individuals try to change stressful events into less threatening ones.
hardy
Because it allows them to persevere at tasks and ultimately achieve more, the ______ of people who are optimistic is better than those who are not
health
The broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called
health psychology
What is the field of psychology that studies how people's behavior interacts with stress and heart disease?
health psychology
When considering the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease, _______ is the most important characteristic.
hostility
_______ is the most important component of the Type A behavior pattern because this component is most strongly related to coronary heart disease.
hostility
The stress response to a personal stressor begins with a(n) _______ which then slowly tapers off.
immediate major reaction
Providing clear instructions for patients and maintaining warm relations are ways doctors can ______ compliance with medical advice.
improve
Being seriously injured in an accident is not related to a long-term increase (increase/decrease) in happiness.
increase
The body's initial reaction to stress leads to
increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Robert has been overwhelmed with his new job, recent marriage, and completing his college degree. His wife has asked him to see the doctor since he has been complaining of chest pains. Robert keeps delaying calling for an appointment since he is so busy. Robert is engaging in a stress-related
indirect health-related behavior
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress is adaptive because
it prepares the body to deal with an emergency situation.
In order for someone to think that something is stressful, they must perceive it as threatening or challenging and must
lack the resources to deal with it effectively.
Fred feels he has little impact on improving work conditions at the rock quarry. Lately, he has been getting a lot of colds and feeling generally depressed. This may be related to
learned helplessness
Wilma has decided that there is no point in trying to create a better environment for her son. She just does not see how she can have any impact on their surroundings, even though most of the problems are surface issues. Wilma is experiencing
learned helplessness
_______ ________ occurs when an individual concludes that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled, thereby causing the individual to give up trying.
learned helplessness
People with cancer who maintain a fighting spirit tend to
live longer than those who accept it.
Problem-focused coping is more often used when the situation is viewed as
modifiable
Happy people tend to feel like they have control ______ over their lives than unhappy people.
more
"If you don't take this medicine every day and don't start exercising, you will have a heart attack and possibly die." This statement by a doctor is an example of a _____ framed message.
negative
Who would you expect to be happiest?
no difference
Failing to show up for a doctor's appointment, discontinuing a medication before instructed to do so, and not following a diet are examples of _____ with medical advice.
nonadherence
More than _____ of high school students have tried e-cigarettes.
one third
Hardy individuals approach stressful situations in a(n) ______ manner.
optimistic
Creative nonadherence occurs when
patients think they know more than their physician about how to treat themselves.
For people to consider an event stressful, they must:
perceive it as a threat perceive it as a challenge and lack resources to deal effectively with it
Causes of stress fall into which of the following categories?
personal stressors
The category of stressor that includes death of a loved one, loss of job, and getting married is
personal stressors
Elevated blood pressure is a ______ response to the presence of a stressor.
physiological
Most of the drugs used to help people stop smoking work by replacing the ______ associated with nicotine.
pleasure
"This colonoscopy is important because if we detect colon cancer early we can usually cure it." This statement from a doctor is an example of a _____ framed message.
positive
In smokers, nicotine levels are frequently associated with increases in ______ emotional states.
positive
Happiness and self-esteem are correlated.
positively
Patients often ______ physicians when receiving medical care.
prefer same-sex
On failing a psychology exam, Juanita talks with her instructor about why she did so badly so that she might improve her performance in the future. This is an example of _____ focused coping.
problem
Barney has decided to take up yoga one day a week instead of staying late at work all five nights of the week. Barney is using a ______ coping strategy.
problem-focused
What is the term used to describe when individuals use strategies like changes in behavior to reduce stress?
problem-focused coping
Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties are called ______ disorders.
psychophysiological
You are spending too much time working, and your health is beginning to suffer. The health difficulties that you are experiencing are probably ______ disorders.
psychophysiological
Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with the stressor describes what level of the general adaptation syndrome?
resistance
During the ______ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.
resistance
Suppose your friend, Alison, is a smoker and you really want her to quit because it's not attractive and is bad for her. What's the best advice you could give?
"Alison, you should get a nicotine patch and go to this campus support group that helps people quit."
Having done much better than you expected on a psychology exam, you find yourself much happier than normal. In other words, you are above your _____ for happiness.
set point
The body's biological reaction to stress is adaptive in the ______ term but can be harmful in the ______ term.
short long
The stress response to a personal stressor begins with an immediate major reaction which then
slowly tapers off.
_______ support has been shown to lower stress levels and cope more effectively with stress.
social
Victor does not speak English, his physician does not speak Russian (Victor's native language). The result is that there will probably be
some difficulty in communicating between Victor and his physician, which may have adverse consequences for Victor's health.
When people respond to events that threaten or challenge them, they are experiencing
stress
People with the hardiness trait have a lower rate of ______
stress-related illness.
Cataclysmic events would be considered ______ stressors.
strong
People's evaluations of their lives in terms of both thoughts and emotions is called ________ well-being.
subjective
Activation of the ______ nervous system prepares the body to deal with emergency situations.
sympathetic
Long term activation of the _____ nervous system, produced by chronic stress, tends to be harmful.
sympathetic
Psychoneuroimmunology studies
the immune system, brain, and psychological factors.
Avoidant coping is not very successful because ______.
the source of stress remains
Subjective well-being refers to people's evaluation of
their lives
During general adaptation syndrome, the person's response to the stressor consists of ______ stages, alarm and mobilization, _______ and exhaustion.
three resistance
Which of the following is an example of a background stressor?
traffic jam
True or false: An individual's set point for happiness is partially genetically determined.
true
True or false: Seeing people smoke in movies is related to becoming a smoker.
true
Men who display the Type A behavior pattern develop coronary heart disease ________ as men with Type B personality.
twice as often
People who want to quit smoking would be advised to:
use a nicotine replacement system.