Chapter 11: Knowledge Management

knowledge users

do not need any previous training in computers or expert systems

the haptic interface relays the sense of ________ in the virtual reality

touch

augmented reality

has the potential to superimpose digital data over real photos so that GPS maps can be combined with real pictures of stores and streets to help people locate their position

artificial intelligence systems

include the people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning, reasoning, and self-correction

in an expert system, the ________ _______ is the component that delivers the expert asvice

inference engine

voice recognition

involves converting sound waves into words

a rule

is a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes

WinZip

is a file conversion program that can be used to compress multimedia files to make them easier to download from the Internet or send as an e-mail attachment

a community of practice (COP)

is a group of people with common interests who come together to create, store, and share knowledge of a specific topic

game theory

is a mathematical theory for developing strategies that maximize gains and minimize losses while adhering to a given set of rules and constraints

adobe photoshop

is a popular and sophisticated software package that can be used to edit photographs and other visual images

assistive technology

is a wide range of adaptive and rehabilitative devices to help people with disabilities perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish or had great difficulty accomplishing

knowledge

is the awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision

informatics

is the combination of information technology with traditional disciplines such as medicine or science while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society

tacit

knowledge is hard to measure and document and typically is not objective or formalized

sophisticated computer systems require an extension of understanding visual images. This is called a

perceptive system

Identify and briefly define several specialty areas of artificial intelligence

AI includes areas of: - Expert systems: hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert - Robotics: combine both high-precision machine capabilities and sophisticated controlling software - Vision systems: capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures, identify people based on facial features - Natural language processing: understands and reacts to statements and commands in a "natural" language, such as English, and convert sound waves into words - Learning systems: change its functions or reaction to situations based on feedback it receives - Neural networks: simulate functioning of a human brain, and processes many pieces of data at the same time and learns to recognize patterns

Define artificial intelligence system and list the characteristics of intelligent behavior

Artificial intelligence systems are computer systems that use the notion of AI. AI is computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain. Characteristics of intelligent behavior: - learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from experience - handle complex situations - solve problems when important information is missing - determine what is important - react quickly and correctly to a new situation - understand visual images - process and manipulate symbols - be creative and imaginative - use heuristics

a knowledge engineer

person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system, including training or experience with expert system shells

the knowledge base

stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships that an expert system uses

when video files are played while being downloaded from the Internet, it is called

streaming video

an expert system's knowledge acquisition facility serves as an interface betwen

the experts and the knowledge base

the explanation facility

allows an expert system user to understand how the system arrived at its results

a genetic algorithm is an approach to solving problems based on the

theory of evolution

neural networks

can process many pieces of data at the same time and learn to recognize patterns