Chapter 11 Motivation and Emotion Learn Smart

There are ______ levels of needs proposed by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs model.

5

Our genetics are about ________% responsible for adult weight.

70

___________ are enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of certain emotional states.

Affective traits

Obsession with thinness and self-starvation are characteristics of _________________ nervosa.

Anorexia

Each of the highlighted areas on the picture play an important role in emotion. Which area, color in red, is active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences and in the pain experienced with social exclusion or rejection?

Anterior cinulate cortex

With regard to the process of emotion, ________ is the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare.

Appraisal

______________ is used in evaluating whether an individual is overweight. It is determined by dividing weight by height to yield a weight-height ratio.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

This is the model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills.

Broaden and build theory

The etiology of eating disorders is complex. Which of the following factors have been linked to eating disorders?

Cognitive Cultural Social Biological

_____________ rules are learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to show certain expressions of emotions and to whom one should show them.

Display

When do attempts to regulate emotion occur in the emotion process?

Early or Late

____________ are brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Emotions

Which of the following is NOT true about the physiological changes produced by emotions?

Emotions only activate the sympathetic branch of ANS, not parasympathetic

Drew is a swimmer. He wants to lose and maintain a healthy weight. What are some recommendations you would give to Drew to help him meet his goals?

Ensure at least moderate physical activity each day for at least 30 minutes Eat in moderation Get good sleep Drink plenty of water

Arrange the phases of sexual arousal in their correct sequence from first (at the top) to last.

Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Atkinson argued that the tendency to achieve success is a function of three factors. If Yvonne believes she is very likely to achieve success in school and earn good grades, which factor is she demonstrating?

Expectation of success

____________ is a strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion.

Expressive suppression

True of False: Weight which is less than 80% of what is considered normal for age and height is a main characteristic of bulimia nervosa.

False

The yo-yo effect of losing and regaining weight from dieting is associated with

Heart Disease, stroke, diabetes and altered immune function.

________________ is the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.

Homeostasis

Each of these brain areas is involved in emotion. Which is the primary pleasure and reward center?

Hypothalamus

In achievement motivation, which of the following are the factors important to incentive value?

Importance of succeeding Difficulty of the task

If you anticipate that you will be getting a good grade, you are expecting a(n)

Incentive

Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that individuals will attempt to

Increase or reduce their level of arousal, depending on their internal state.

The subject in Ekman's facial feedback experiments experienced which of the following when professional actors made angry facial expressions?

Increased heart rate Increased body temperature

____________ motivation comes from within the person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.

Intrinsic

_________ are inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

Needs

Which actually describes Yerkes-Dodson law?

Optimal performance is at moderate levels of arousal and arousal that is too low or too high leads to poor performance.

According to the ____________ _____________ theory, if pregnancy results from sexual intercourse, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women.

Parental investment

According to neurocultural theory of emotions, which of the following are examples of aspects of emotion that are similar in all humans?

Physiological changes Facial expressions

Which of the following best describes "subjective well-being"?

Positive and negative affect Satisfaction in a variety of domains

____________ is an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results.

Reappraisal

which of the following are types of emotion regulation?

Reappraisal Expressive suppression

which of the following two needs must be met before moving higher up Maslow's hierarchy?

Safety Physiological

Order Maslow's hierarchy of needs from highest (top of list) to lowest.

Self-actualization Esteem needs Love and belongingness needs Safety and security needs Physiological needs

_________ emotions are those that occur as a function of how well we live up to our expectations, the expectations of others, or rules set by society.

Self-conscious

Which type of society places formal prohibitions on pre- and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced

Semirestrictive

What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise?

Sensation of hunger declines.

___________ is defined as actions and arousal involving stimulation of genitals which may or may not involve orgasm.

Sexual behavior

____________ is the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

Sexual orientation

How many emotions are expressed facially in the same way by all members of the human race?

Six

What is motivation used to explain?

The behavior of humans and other organisms

How might the hormone leptin explain obesity?

The gene leptin, which suppresses appetite in some individuals and lead to obesity

What is the ideal Body Mass Index (BMI)?

The ideal BMI is between 20 and 25.

Which accurately describes the evolutionary theory?

The major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger. thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex.

Weight has been shown to have a very strong genetic influence. Thus, adopted children are more likely to resemble ______________.

Their biological parents

The two most common myths about dieting are:

Thinking that low-fat and low-carb diets are good and high-carb diets are bad. Eating smaller, more frequent meals per day is one way to lose weight.

Which of the following is an example of a drive?

Thirst

Which group of individuals are more likely to be happier?

Those who found their meaning in life.

True or False: For many years, scientist suspected that sociocultural factors, such as media images of thin women and family pressures, were central determinant of anorexia nervosa and bullimia nervosa. But since the 1980s ,researchers have examined the interplay of social and biological factors in eating disorders.

True

True or False: Losing weight in adulthood does not decrease the number of fat cells.

True

True or False: Stomach contractions do not cause hunger.

True

True or False: The basic emotions are only a small set of infinite variety of emotional states humans can experience.

True

_________ means common to all human beings

Universal

What are the main principles of arousal approaches to motivation?

We seek to increase and/or decrease excitement to maintain a certain level.

Which of the following describes drive-reduction theory?

When our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state.

According to the parental investment theory, which gender should be less motivated for sex?

Women

For which gender is the contribution to parenthood much greater - men or women?

Women

For whom does the plateau phase generally last longer?

Women

Who talks more about emotions - mens or women?

Women

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to research on gender and emotion?

Women feel emotion much more than men do.

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggest that emotions are

a reaction to changing physiological states

The need for ______ is stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

achievement

______________ motivation involves a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles.

achievement

The need for _________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationship with other people.

affiliation

The ___________ is a commonly studied brain structure that plays a crucial role in memory and emotion and research has focused on its appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, especially fear.

amygdala

In defining emotion as a process, a(n) _______________ is a situation that may lead to an emotional response.

antecedent event

The optimal __________ approach to motivation contends that we have a desired level of stimulation and will increase or decrease excitement as necessary to maintain that level.

arousal

The ____________ nervous system controls involuntary systems of body, such as internal organs and glands.

autonomic

The ____________ nervous system plays a crucial role in emotion because it activates other systems that are needed for action, including the circulatory and respiratory systems.

autonomic

The six ___________ emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, suprise) are only a small set of infinite variety of emotional states human can experience.

basic

The hypothalamus monitors ____________ to determine when it is time to eat.

blood glucose levels

The ____________ model argues that positive emotions are adaptive because they help us to build our resources by expanding our attentional focus and encouraging us to "think outside the box."

broaden and build

Derek is a wrestler who must maintain a weight of 125 pounds. Unfortunately, Derek likes to eat pizza, fries, and desserts. After he eats too much, Derek will often make himself vomit in an attempt to avoid gaining weight. Derek is showing signs of

bulimia nervosa

Groups of American and Japanese students were shown a film of graphic medical procedure, both in the presence of an authority figure and alone. American student responded with disgust in both conditions, whereas Japanese students displayed disgust ONLY when alone. This study provides support for ____________ ____________.

display rules

A(n) ___________ is the motivation tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.

drive

Extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and organizational support are three models of ___________ motivation.

employee

Maslow suggest that we want to feel good about who we are because this is part of meeting the ___________ need.

esteem

The major sign of the ___________ phase is vaginal lubrication for women and erection for men.

excitement

___________ motivation comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises.

extrinsic

According to Ekman, basic human emotions are not single states but represent categories or groups of related emotions called emotion __________________.

families

Which of the following is NOT generally associated with embarrassment?

feeling puffed up with pride

The hypothalamus triggers the drive to obtain food when __________, a simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells, is low.

glucose

Although many facial expressions of emotion are understood universally, _____________ is the emotion that is most recognizable.

happiness

The _________ is the brain structure crucial to sexual behavior. In particular, lesions on part of this area have led to decreases in sexual behavior, while electrical stimulation of this area may lead to increased sexual behavior.

hypothalamus

The subjects in Ekman's facial feedback experiments experienced which of the following when professional actors mace angry facial expressions?

increased body temperature Increased heart rate

Emotional ___________ is defined as empathic understanding and to regulate emotions in oneself and others

intelligence

A person with a low ________ will tend to expand less energy than is typical.

metabolism

Transient changes in affect that fluctuate throughout the day or over several days are called ____________.

moods

Marslow's model of motivation is hierarchical. This means that, in his model, individuals focus first on the __________ and progress to the ____________.

most basic and physiological needs: highest and more psychological needs

Atkinson argued that the tendency to achieve success is a function of three factors. The extent to which you really want to be successful is the factor he called

motivation to succeed

Food, water, and oxygen are examples of _____________.

needs

Perceived ____________ _______________ is an employee's belief about how much the organization appreciates and supports his or her contributions and well-being.

organizational support

According to Maslow, the most basic needs are

physiological

Unlike men, women may stay in the ________ phase and then pass to the __________ phase without orgasm.

plateau, resolution

Emotion __________ refers to cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions.

regulation

The emotion process includes which of the following?

regulation cognitive appraisal antecedent event

An emotional ___________ involves the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated.

response

Life __________ is the term used to describe an overall evaluation we have of our lives.

satisfaction

When a person is realizing their highest potential, he or she is

self- actualizing

One of the reasons it is difficult for many people to keep off weight is that the ___________ of fat cells can change with dieting, but the _________ of fat cells doesn't change much after adolescence.

size, number

Which of the following is/are true with regard between the stomach and hunger?

stomach contractions correspond with hunger pains but do not cause hunger People who have either stomachs removed for medical reasons still experience hunger

The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses best describes the __________experience of emotion.

subjective

Although _________ is the major male sex hormone, it controls the sex drive in both men and women.

testosterone

The ideal fixed setting of particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature, is called ____________.

the set point

What are the four biological components of hunger?

the stomach, the blood, the brain, and hormones

Affect is

the variety of emotional phenomena, including emotions and moods.

Each emotion creates a different subjective experience, and each produces a(n) ___________ feeling.

unique

One might say facial expressions are both ____________ and __________.

universal and innate

Life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and positive and negative affect comprise the state known as subjective ___________.

well-being