Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry
what is an organic compound?
A compound that contains carbon
What is a substituent?
A side group/branch that is attached to a carbon chain. Atoms or groups of atoms attached to a carbon chain and include alkyl and halo groups.
what is the condensed structure for butane?
CH3(CH2)2CH3
what is the condensed formula and name for a five carbon organic compound?
CH3(CH2)3CH3 and pentane
What are halo substituents?
Halogen atoms attached to the carbon chain. Named in the IUPAC system as "fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo".
What is an Alkyl group?
Groups of carbon atoms attached to carbon chains. Named in IUPAC system with a "yl" ending
What are extra branch names when you have multiples of the same branch/substituent and where do u alphabetize them?
di tri tetra Alphabetize on the branch name, NOT PREFIX
why are alkenes and alkynes unsaturated hydrocarbons?
they do not contain max amount of hydrogens on their carbons
why are alkenes and alkynes unsaturated hydrocarbons?
they do not fill up all four Hydrogen bonds on the carbon
what kinds of forces do alkanes with 5-8 carbons have?
they have nonpolar bonds with dispersion forces
what are the bond angles and amount of carbon groups on alkenes?
trigonal planar and 3 electron groups
how do you name alkanes?
using prefixes from chart and -ane suffix
What is ethyne used for?
welding, where it reacts with oxygen to produce flames with temperatures above 3300 °C.
hydration
what type of reactions are these?
what are the IUPAC naming rules for Alkenes and Alkynes?
-ene=double bond -yne=triple bond cyclic alkenes named as cycloalkenes 1. Number the longest carbon chain that contains BOTH of the carbons in the double or triple bond 2. Start numbering from the end closest to where the double/triple bond starts 3. Substituents get the next lowest numbers Putting the name together: 1. Branches/substituents still go first (listed alphabetically) 2. Before writing the base name, you need to indicate where the double/triple bond starts.
Draw three isomers of pentane (C5H12), what are the rules of drawing?
1. Angel does not matter 2. Only on middle carbons 3. 90 degree angle does not matter
What is the General Naming Format?
1.) Find the longest, continuous carbon chain--it may not be left to right, top to bottom! 2.) Start numbering from the end that is CLOSEST to the first branch/substituent 3.) When putting the name together 3.1)List the branches FIRST and list them alphabetically (NOT numerically) 3.2)You must indicate the number where every single branch is at 3.3)Use a hyphen to separate letters and numbers 3.4)Use a comma to separate numbers 3.5)The name of the longest chain goes last 3.6)There are NO SPACES in the name!
Rules of Naming Cycloalkanes w/ branches
1.) branch name is infront of cycloalkane name 2.) 1st branch, no number added to the name
Di
2 of the same
Draw the structure for 1-chloro-1,2-dimethylheptane. What is the actual IUPAC name?
2-chloro-3-methyloctane
write the formula for the combustion of butane
2C4H10 + 13O2--> 8CO2 + 10H2O
Tri
3 of the same
Tetra
4 of the same
2-chloro-3-methylpentane
Give the IUPAC name for this compound
what are alkenes?
Alkenes are hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.
What are two types of branches in Alkane naming?
Alkyl and halo
what is cyclopropane?
C3H6
write the formula for the combustion of propane
C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O
what is the condensed structure for ethane?
CH3CH3
what is the formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
what is the formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
what is the formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
what are hydrocarbons?
Compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen
2-chloro-3-methylpentane
Give the IUPAC name for this compoud
what are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
1. cis-4-methyl-2-heptene 2. 3-propyl-1-hexyne
Name these
1. trans-2-butene 2. 2-methyl-1-pentene
Name these
1. 3-methyl-1-butene 2. 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene
Name these alkenes
1. cyclohexene 2. 3,3--dimethylcyclopentene
Name these cycloalkenes
Branches: 4-methyl 1-fluoro Chain: hexane Name: 1-fluro-4-methylhexane
Name this Alkane
Branches: 5-ethyl Chain: nonane Name: 5-ethylnonane
Name this Alkane
Branch: 2,4-dimethyl Chain: pentane Name: 2,4-dimethylpentane
Name this Alkane with IUPAC name
Branches: 1,2-dibromo Chain: butane Name: 1,2-dibromo-3-methylbutane
Name this Alkane with IUPAC name
Branches: 2-iodo 3-methyl 6,7-diethyl Chain: nonane Name: 6,7-diethyl-2-iodo-3-methylnonane
Name this Alkane with IUPAC name
Branches: 3-bromo 5,5,-dipropyl 6-methyl Chain: decane Name: 3-bromo-6-methyl-5,5-dipropyldecane
Name this Alkane with IUPAC name
2-chloro-4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-3-heptene
Name this alkene
3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyne
Name this alkene
5-fluoro-4-propyl-2-octyne
Name this alkyne
6-fluro-3,4,5-trimethyl-1-octyne
Name this alkyne
cis-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene
Name this isomer
trans-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene
Name this isomer
trans-6-bromo-1-chloro-3-heptene
Name this isomer
ethylcyclohexane
Name this structure
what is a cis isomer?
The alkyls are present on the same side of the bond SAME
what is hydrogenation?
The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen Alkene + H2 --> Alkane uses catalyst
Where are solid alkanes found? And what do they do for it?
The waxy coatings on fruits and vegetables that help retrain moisture, inhibits mold, and enhance appearance.
What are alkanes with 1-4 carbons like?
They are gases at room temperature and are widely used as heating fuels
When does a substituent occur?
When an alkane has four or more carbon atoms
what is the combustion of alkanes?
alkane reacts with O2 to make CO2 and H2O
what are cycloalkanes?
alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure and lose 2 hydrogens
what are alkenes and some key things to remember?
alkenes are hydrocarbons with DOUBLE BONDS with trigonal planar angles and CnH2n
what are alkynes and some key things to remember?
alkynes are hydrocarbons with TRIPLE BONDS with linear angles and CnH2n-2
what are properties of organic compounds?
covalent molecules low boiling and melting points flammable not soluble in water
what kind of forces do hydrocarbons have?
dispersion forces because they are nonpolar
hydrogenation: 1.
give the end products and name the type of addition reaction
what are alkanes with 5-8 carbons like?
highly volatile liquids at room temperature, making them useful as fuels.
what are alkynes?
hydrocarbons which have a triple bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.
what is important to remember when writing out formulas for hydrogenation and hydration?
hydrogenation: break double bone to single hydration: break double bond to single bond and add OH onto the carbon with less H+ and more groups attached
what are properties of inorganic compounds?
ionic molecules high boiling and melting points not flammable soluble in water
what is ethene?
is an important plant hormone involved in promoting the ripening of fruit such as bananas. It accelerates the breakdown of cellulose in plants, which causes flowers to wilt and leaves to fall from trees
what are alkanes like with 18 or more carbons?
known as paraffins, are waxy solids at room temperature. Petroleum jelly, or Vaseline, is a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons, with more than 25 carbon atoms
what are the bond angles and amount of carbon groups on alkynes?
linear and 2 electron groups
what are alkanes with 9-17 carbons like?
liquids with higher boiling points and are found in motor oils, mineral oil, kerosene, diesel, and jet fuels.
Structural Isomers
molecules with exact same molecular formula but atoms are arranged/connected in different ways
cis-8-ethyl-2-methyl-5-decene
name this isomer
what is the solubility of alkanes?
non soluble, low density, and flammable
What are some properties of Alkanes at different carbon levels?
nonpolar hydrocarbons at 5 > carbons- matter changes dispersion forces hold together 9-17 carbons-oils 18> carbons- (jellies (semisolid))
what is the density and solubility of alkanes?
nonsoluble and low density. very flammable
how do you name a carbon chain of an alkene or alkyne has four or more C atoms?
number the chain to give the lowest number to the first carbon in the double or triple bond.
How many bonds does carbon have?
only 4
What is Markovnikov's rule?
protons will add to the less substituted carbon of a double bond to create a more stable carbocation intermediate
what can you do to make an alkene an alkane?
react with H2 via hydrogenation
what are alkanes with strong carbon carbon bonds like?
react with oxygen gas to make carbon dioxide and water in combustion reactions release energy when C—C bonds are broken in combustion reactions
How do you name cycloalkenes?
ring with double bond is position 1 with branches lowest number. do not include position of double bond
what is a trans isomer?
the alkyls and H are opposite of the double bond OPPOSITE
what is hydration?
the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner Alkene + OHO --> Alcohol uses strong acid to break bonds