Chapter 11: Personality (questions)

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about other behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) _____ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

According to Galen, the _____ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

____ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Jose is very organized, and he schedules everything in his life. Jose is most likely ____

conscientiousness

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

______ describes a proportion of differences among people is attributed to genetics

heritability

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a _____ person.

phlegmatic

Personality guides cognition about world shaping people's environment is

reciprocal determinism

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is _____.

self-actualizaiton

What type of personality test measures what people are willing and able to do?

self-report

What was Alfred Adler's main contribution to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

It represents the internalized cultural rules and ideas that guides our morals.

superego

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

What was the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

they can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

10

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to _____.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded