chapter 11 review

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna. A. tertiary B. secondary C. central D. cardinal

D. cardinal

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck? A. introversion versus extraversion B. agreeableness versus unpleasantness C. neuroticism versus emotional stability D. psychoticism versus superego control

D. psychoticism versus superego control

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self. A. guided; achieved B. internalized; externalized C. idea; perceived D. real; ideal

D. real; ideal

is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.

Freud

is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. Biological B. Neo-Freudian C. Humanistic D. Trait

D. Trait

Temperament refers to

Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways..

What makes a personal quality part of someone's personality?

The particular quality or trait must be part of an enduring behavior pattern so that it is consistent quality

Brianna is 18 months old. She cries frequently, is hard to soothe, and wakes frequently during the night. According to Thomas and Chess, she would be considered __________

a difficult baby.

Self-concept refers to

all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. A. Heritability B. Personality C. Temperament D. Trait

A. Heritability

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer? A. extraversion B. honesty C. cross-culturalism D. emotionality

A. extraversion

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? A. forcing them to be independent from a young age B. giving them unconditional positive regard C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms D. pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them

B. giving them unconditional positive regard

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be

anxious.

According to Galen, the ______ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

The idea that people's ideas about themselves should match their actions is called

congruence

Personality is thought to be

long term, stable and not easily changed.

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as

personality.

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ______ person

phlegmatic

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as

phrenology.

The concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs is known as

select migration.

The way a person reacts to the world, starting when they are very young, including the person's activity level is known as

temperament.

According to the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, identical twins, whether raised together or apart have ______ personalities.

very similar

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? A. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. B. Identical twins have very similar personalities when raised together, but not when raised apart. C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. D. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. the esteem of others B. connections and affiliation C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy

C. self-actualization