Chapter 11: The Respiratory System (Part 2)
*Process of Inspiration* When the lungs expand, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases and is less than the atmospheric pressure. What does this cause?
A vacuum that draws air into the lungs - High pressure (atmosphere) goes to low pressure (lungs)
What is Inspiration?
Air flowing into the lungs
What is Expiration?
Air flowing out of the lungs
What is Functional Volume?
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone and contributes to gas exchange
What is Dead Space Volume? What is a normal volume?
Air within the conducting respiratory passageways (inhaled air that does not reach areas for gas exchange and remains in the airways) - 150 ml
What is Apoxia?
An "absence of oxygen" to the tissues - Cells will die
*Process of Inspiration* Is the contraction of the diaphragm an active or passive process?
An active process (it takes energy to breathe in and contract the diaphragm)
What is a Spirometer?
An instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath (spirare means "to breathe" in latin)
Why is the Residual Volume necessary?
Because air always needs to be present in the lungs because it allows gas exchange to continue uninterrupted (impossible to completely breathe out)
*Process of Inspiration* The lungs move with the diaphragm and thoracic walls. Why?
Because they are connected by the pleural membrane (The visceral and parietal pleurae are normally flush against each other, so that the lungs are stuck to the chest wall in the same manner as two wet pieces of glass sticking to each other, creating resistance upon separation)
Why do kids breathe so fast?
Because they have a smaller lung volume and they metabolize nutrients at a very fast rate (which produces more CO2 that needs to be rid of and more oxygen to supply the cells)
What must happen in order for carbon dioxide to be released into the alveoli during external respiration?
Bicarbonate ions must first combine with hydrogen to form carbonic acid
What is Respiratory Gas Transport?
Blood carries the respiratory gases between the lungs and the tissues of the body
What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
Breathing - Air moving in and out of the lungs
*Process of Expiration* When expiration occurs, the diaphragm ______________.
Relaxes
*Process of Expiration* When the diaphragm is relaxing, what are the external intercostal muscles doing?
Relaxing and compressing the rib cage (lungs get compressed)
What is respiratory capacity regulated by?
Size, sex, age, and physical condition
What is COPD usually caused by? What does this lead to?
Smoking - Leads to coughing and frequent pulmonary infections and ultimately respiratory failure
What is the Vital Capacity? What is a normal volume?
TV + IRV + ERV - The total amount of exchangeable air (taking a big breath in and a big breath out) - 4500 ml
What does a low pH mean?
That a liquid is more acidic (less basic)
What does a high pH mean?
That a liquid is more basic (less acidic)
What is the Residual Volume? What is a normal volume?
The amount of air that "remains" after the ERV is exhaled (air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling) - 1100 ml
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)? What is a normal volume?
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration (additional air that can be exhaled) - 1000 ml
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)? What is a normal volume?
The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume (additional air that can be inhaled) - 2100 - 3100 ml
What is Tidal Volume? What is a normal volume?
The amount of air transferred in one normal resting breath (air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied) - 500 ml or 1 pint
Where are the control centers for the phrenic and intercostal nerves located? (part in brain responsible for controlling breathing)
The medulla and pons
What is the diaphragm and intercostal muscles regulated by?
The phrenic and intercostal nerves
What is the Intrapulmonary Pressure?
The pressure inside the lungs
What is the Intrapleural Pressure?
The pressure inside the parietal and visceral pleurae (where the serous fluid is)
What is Atmospheric Pressure?
The pressure of the atmosphere around us - Only changes if you change your elevation
What is the Tidal Volume named after? Why?
The tides of the ocean - The tidal volume resembles the tides as the chest rises and falls during one normal resting breath
What are the lungs like in a fetus?
They are filled with fluid and all respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta
What is the relationship between volume and pressure?
They are inversely proportional - As volume increases, pressure decreases - As volume decreases, pressure increases
What is the relationship between pH and the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?
They are inversely proportional - Increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in pH - Decrease in carbon dioxide, increase in pH
What happens to our respiration rates as we age? Why?
They increase - The lungs are less elastic, less efficient, and have a decreased capacity (more tired, can't breathe as deep)
What does carbonic acid further split into?
Water and carbon dioxide
What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?
When carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin at the same site as oxygen usually does and competes vigorously for those binding sites
When does the pH of blood increase?
When less carbon dioxide is present, which is due to decreased levels of carbonic acid and subsequently hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
When does the pH of blood decrease?
When more carbon dioxide is present, which is due to increased levels of carbonic acid and subsequently hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
What is Emphysema?
When the alveoli enlarge as the walls of adjacent chambers break through and chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis (scarring) of the lungs - It's like turning a bunch of grapes into one big grape
*Process of Inspiration* Summarize the steps of Inhalation.
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the intrapulmonary volume increases and the intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Because the intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure, air from the atmosphere is drawn into the lungs and creates inhalation.
*Process of Expiration* Summarize the steps of Expiration.
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the intrapulmonary volume decreases and the intrapulmonary pressure increases. Because the intrapulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure, air is drawn out lungs and into the atmosphere, creating expiration.
When does Acidosis of the blood occur?
When the pH of blood decreases from higher amounts of carbon dioxide (more carbonic acid, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)
When does Alkalosis of the blood occur?
When the pH of blood increases from lower amounts of carbon dioxide (less carbonic acid, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)
When do chemical factors modify our rate of respiration?
When there is a change in pH levels in the blood
When do emotional factors modify our rate of respiration?
When we are scared or frightened (increases breathing)
When do physical factors modify our rate of respiration?
When we have a demand for more oxygen or removal or carbon dioxide (exercising)
Is oxygen present in the air we exhale? Why?
Yes (about 14%) because our lungs are unable to absorb all the oxygen from the air in one breath
Which volume is expressed during a yawn?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (additional air is inhaled)
*Process of Expiration* Which muscles are capable of lowering the ribs to aid in expiration? (when deeper expiration is needed)
Internal intercostal muscles - Various chest and abdominal muscles can help as well
What does Emphysema do to the surface area of the alveoli? What does this cause?
It decreases the surface area and makes it harder for gas exchange to occur (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
During internal respiration, where is carbon dioxide transported?
It diffuses into the blood from the tissues and combines with water
*Process of Expiration* When the lungs get compressed, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and exceeds the atmospheric pressure. What does this cause?
It forces the air within the lungs to flow out in order to equalize the pressure - High pressure (lungs) goes to low pressure (atmosphere)
How is 23% of the remaining carbon dioxide transmitted?
It is carried inside the RBC's attached to a different site than oxygen
How is the remaining 7% of the remaining carbon dioxide transmitted?
It is dissolved in the plasma
How is the remaining 1.5% of oxygen transmitted in the blood?
It is transported in the plasma (fluid of blood)
*Process of Inspiration* How does the diaphragm move when it contracts?
It moves inferiorly and flattens (when a muscle contracts, it shortens. Makes abdominal contents stick out more)
*Process of Expiration* How does the diaphragm move when it relaxes?
It moves superiorly and curves
How does breathing into a paper bag get rid of Alkalosis during Hyperventilation?
It reduces the amount of carbon dioxide you will be able to get rid of
What does the word, *reserve*, mean when referring to the expiratory or inspiratory reserve volumes?
It refers to the air "set aside" or "kept back" that can be inhaled or exhaled during certain times
*Process of Inspiration* During inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is ____________ than the atmospheric pressure.
Lower
If we didn't exhale any oxygen, what resuscitation method would not function?
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
*The Intrapleural Pressure should always be ______________.* Why?
Negative - It is always negative in order for the two membranes to stick together
What is our Volition on breathing?
One can only hold their breath for so long before the unconscious control takes over
What is External Respiration?
Oxygen enters the blood from the alveoli and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enter the alveoli
What is Internal Respiration?
Oxygen enters the cells from the blood and the carbon dioxide leaves the cells and enters the blood in order to be transported back to the lungs
During internal respiration, where is oxygen transported?
Oxygen leaves the blood and diffuses in the tissues
*Process of Expiration* Is the relaxation of the diaphragm an active or passive process?
Passive (doesn't take energy to breathe out, unless you're breathing hard)
What type of breathing will cause Acidosis?
Hypoventilation - Slow or shallow breathing
(overview) What is our need to breathe caused by?
*Our need to expel CO2*, not to inhale oxygen (when people have emphysema, then their need to breathe is caused by their need for oxygen since they have already have chronic acidosis)
What is the average lung capacity of a healthy adult?
- *6 liters* - 6000 mL
Which 2 volumes cannot be measured with a spirometer? Why?
- Dead space volume - Residual volume - They are always in our body and never released
Air always flows from areas of _________ pressure to areas of __________ pressure.
- High - Low
*Process of Expiration* How does the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles change the intrapulmonary volume and pressure?
- Intrapulmonary volume decreases (lungs get smaller) - Intrapulmonary pressure increases
*Process of Inspiration* How does the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles change the intrapulmonary volume and pressure?
- Intrapulmonary volume increases (lungs get bigger) - Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
What increases the risk of Hypoxia?
- Old age - Anxiety - Asthma - Other respiratory diseases
What are things that can modify our rate of respiration?
- Physical factors - Emotional factors - Chemical factors - Consciousness
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide reaches what percent of the total air volume?
.1%
What are the 4 parts of Respiration?
1. Pulmonary Ventilation 2. External Respiration 3. Respiratory Gas Transport 4. Internal Respiration
How many respirations do adults have every minute?
12-15
What percent of the air we breathe is oxygen?
21%
How many respirations do 5 year olds have every minute?
25
How many respirations do infants have every minute?
30
How many respirations do newborns have every minute?
40-80
How is most carbon dioxide transported into the plasma?
70% is transported as a bicarbonate ion
What is the most common way in which oxygen is transported into the blood?
98.5% of oxygen attaches to hemoglobin in the RBC's to form oxyhemoglobin
What is Hypoxia?
A condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissue
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
A series of diseases including *chronic bronchitis* and *emphysema* that prevents people from breathing effectively
How can Dead Space Volume be increased?
By breathing through a long tube, such as a snorkel, because it serves as an extension of respiratory passageways. Even though one end of the snorkel is open to the air, when the wearer breathes in, they inhale a significant quantity of air that remained in the snorkel from the previous exhalation.
How does the body respond to these abnormal pH levels?
By increasing or decreasing respiration rates by driving the equation towards: - The carbon dioxide (left) side to increase pH - The bicarbonate (right) side to decrease pH
Once carbon dioxide combines with water, what does it form?
Carbonic acid
*Process of Inspiration* When the diaphragm is contracting, what are the external intercostal muscles doing?
Contracting and lifting the rib cage
*Process of Inspiration* When Inspiration occurs, the diaphragm ______________.
Contracts
*Process of Expiration* What other situation may also make expiration an active process?
If they have a disease, singing, whistling, etc. - There are various diseases, like emphysema, that cause this
What does the carbon dioxide then proceed to do?
Diffuse into the alveoli from the blood stream
*Process of Expiration* How does exercise affect the process of expiration?
During exercise, we breathe more deeply and at a faster rate. At this time, expiration becomes an *active* process.
How does Carbon Monoxide Poisoning affect both internal respiration and external respiration?
External respiration does not occur which prevents internal respiration from occurring (oxygen won't enter the blood and cells won't receive nutrients and will die)
*Process of Expiration* During expiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is ____________ than the atmospheric pressure.
Greater
What does this Carbonic acid then split into?
Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
What type of breathing will cause Alkalosis?
Hyperventilation - Fast, deep breathing