Chapter 12

Which statement about coma is true? Coma is a form of deep sleep. Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Sleepwalking may occur during ________. NREM stage 4 REM NREM stage 2 NREM stage 1

NREM stage 4

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. basal nuclei midbrain brain stem diencephalon

diencephalon

Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________. ventral (anterior) horn dorsal (posterior) horn dorsal root ganglion lateral horn

dorsal (posterior) horn

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? decussation center executive suite motor command center visceral command center

executive suite

Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres? falx cerebri corpus callosum tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli

falx cerebri

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord? first second third fourth

fourth

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe premotor cortex

frontal lobe (The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.)

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? gray matter: location of brain nuclei gray matter: myelinated axons superficial in the brain: gray matter spinal cord: inner gray matter

gray matter: myelinated axons (Explanation: Gray matter is indicative of unmyelinated axons and cell bodies in the CNS.)

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? increased heart rate REM sleep increased oxygen use increased gastrointestinal activity

increased gastrointestinal activity (Explanation: Gastrointestinal activity is activated by the sight or smell of food. Additionally, presence of a food bolus in the gastrointestinal tract will stimulate peristalsis and digestive enzyme release.)

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements initiating protective reflex actions controlling starting and stopping movements playing a role in cognition and emotion

initiating protective reflex actions

Broca's area ________. is usually found only in the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of the eyes serves the recognition of complex objects is considered a motor speech area

is considered a motor speech area

Declarative memory ________. usually involves motor skills is hard to unlearn when learned once is best remembered in the doing is the ability to learn specific information

is the ability to learn specific information

The brain stem consists of the ________. pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain midbrain only cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla midbrain, medulla, and pons

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers unmyelinated nerve fibers only cell bodies myelinated nerve fibers only

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness? reticular activating system Broca's area limbic system frontal eye fields

reticular activating system (Explanation: The reticular activating system is responsive to our sensory input and controls alertness to these sensory inputs and our awareness and responsiveness to our external (and internal) environment.)

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) limbic association area combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex posterior association area

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. rubrospinal tracts premotor cortex primary motor cortex spinal cord

premotor cortex

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? motor emotional procedural declarative

procedural

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________. lateral horns nuclei pyramids olives

pyramids

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? red blood cells glucose protein potassium

red blood cells

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? postcentral gyrus Wernicke's area gustatory cortex red nuclei

red nuclei

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regulate emotional responses regulate food intake regulate the thalamus regulate body temperature

regulate the thalamus (Explanation: The hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.)

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. pyramids thalamus limbic system reticular formation

reticular formation

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False

True (Explanation: The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.)

Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep? beta delta alpha theta

delta

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? superior colliculus hypothalamus pineal gland thalamus

superior colliculus (Explanation: The superior colliculus is at the inferior border of the diencephalon, located in the midbrain region of the brain stem.)

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus (Explanation: This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.)

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. pyramidal tracts primary motor cortex thalamus medulla oblongata

thalamus (Explanation: This area of the diencephalon groups and organizes afferent sensory impulses. Once grouped, the sensory input is relayed to the correct cerebral area for interpretation.)

In anterograde amnesia ______. there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected declarative memory is not significantly altered

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted (Explanation: People with this type of amnesia often cannot remember what they ate for their last meal or events from the immediate past.)

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. True False

True

*Which of these statements is NOT correct regarding our limbic system?* Sights often create strong emotional responses. Your amygdala judges facial expressions for danger. The cingulate helps you express your emotional state. Emotional states can alter our blood pressure.

Sights often create strong emotional responses. (Explanation: Your sense of smell is more directly attached to your limbic system and is, therefore, more likely to cause emotional responses.)

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? -Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. -The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. -The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. -No functional area of the cortex works alone.

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic. True False

True

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False

True (Explanation: Many factors can influence the transfer of information from STM to LTM, including emotional state (we learn best when we are alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused), rehearsal (repeating the material enhances memory), association (tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts), and automatic memory (some impressions that become part of LTM are subconsciously formed).)

*Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?* When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection. When the impulses to the ciliated cells are inhibited, the ciliary escalator no longer functions, causing respiratory infection. The reflexes in the respiratory system for expelling particles will no longer function due to damage to the dorsal horn motor neurons, causing respiratory infection. It is actually more common for the person to die from paralysis of the muscles controlling breathing than from respiratory infection.

When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? dura and epidura arachnoid and epidura arachnoid and dura arachnoid and pia

arachnoid and pia

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. -the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin -the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex -the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex -based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions (Explanation: Review central nervous system control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.)

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________. cingulate gyrus caudate nucleus hippocampus amygdaloid body

caudate nucleus

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? cerebral cortex cerebellum brain stem diencephalon

cerebral cortex (Explanation: The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.)

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________. lateral spinothalamic posterior spinothalamic reticulospinal ventral (anterior) spinothalamic

lateral spinothalamic

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. central sulcus cranial fossa lateral sulcus longitudinal fissure

lateral sulcus

Which of the following is correctly matched? gustatory cortex; sense of hearing limbic association area: sense of danger vestibular cortex; pattern recognition posterior association area: understand balance

limbic association area: sense of danger (Explanation: The limbic association area is part of the limbic system, which control our emotions and fears.)

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. loss of body temperature control dehydration sleep disturbances loss of fine motor control

loss of fine motor control

Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory? medulla oblongata thalamus hippocampus prefrontal cortex

medulla oblongata

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi

pia mater (Explanation: The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.)

Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? thalamus medulla oblongata pons midbrain

pons (Explanation: The pons is the point at which all information entering or exiting the cerebellum is collected. Descending motor input and ascending sensory input that feed the cerebellum and all cerebellar output enter or exit the cerebellum through several cerebellar peduncles located in the pons.)

Which part of the CNS sorts almost all of the ascending sensory information? hypothalamus pons thalamus mesencephalon

thalamus (Explanation: Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus-- which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.)

Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children? theta beta alpha delta

theta

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. superior colliculi reticular nuclei red nuclei vestibular nuclei

vestibular nuclei

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. calcarine cortex visual association area primary visual cortex lateral geniculate body

visual association area