Chapter 12

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?

-Autonomy -Feedback -Skill variety -Task significance

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?

-Be clear about what behavior is desired. -Give rewards as soon as possible.

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

-Core job characteristics -Psychological states -Work outcomes

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

-Effort to performance -Performance to outcomes

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

-Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. -Employees are underutilized.

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

-Equity theory -Expectancy theory -Goal-setting theory

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

-Herzberg's two-factor theory -McClelland's acquired needs theory -Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

What three types of justice are the components of organizational justice?

-Interactional -Procedural -Distributive

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

-Job enrichment -Job enlargement

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?

-Justice -Fairness

content theories (needs as motivations)

-Maslow's hierarchy of needs (has five levels to be met in order) -McClelland's acquired needs theory (posits three needs, for achievement affiliation, and power) -Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory (assumes people seek innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness in order to grow) -Herzberg's two-factor theory (differentiates hygiene and motivators that determine work satisfaction and dissatisfaction)

Which statements about motivation are true?

-Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior. -Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

-Punishment -Extinction

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

-Raise employee productivity -Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs -Increase employee efficiency

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

-Responsibility for work outcomes -Knowledge of actual results of the work -Meaningfulness of work

What are three types of learning opportunities?

-Studying co-workers -Learning and development -Tuition reimbursement

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

-They link rewards to performance. -They are agreed on by both employees and managers.

Which are principal perspectives on motivation?

-content -process -reinforcement -job design

process theories (thoughts and perceptions that motivate behavior)

-equity/justice theory (people seek fairness and justice in their interactions and relationships) -expectancy theory (people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think it is they will get it) -goal-setting theory (goals are specific, challenging, and achievable will motivate behavior)

Which of these represent levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

-love -esteem -safety -physiological -self-actualization

job design theories (designing jobs that lead to employee satisfaction and performance)

-scientific management theory (attempted to fit people to jobs by reducing the number of tasks workers had to perform to achieve a goal) -job enhancement and job enrichment (ways to fit jobs to people by offering more variety, challenges, and responsibility) -job characteristics model (an outgrowth of job enrichment that traces the effect of the five job characteristics on employees' psychological states and work outcomes

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

Competence, autonomy and relatedness

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

There is one main theory as to what motivates people, and this theory is accepted by most people.

False

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something that we learn from our culture.

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?

Profit sharing

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Reinforcement theory

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety

Task significance

The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization

Autonomy

The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them

Skill variety

The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities

Task identity

The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end

Feedback

The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory

performance goal orientation

a way of demonstrating and validating a competence we already have by seeking the approval of others

self-determination theory (Edward Deci and Richard Ryan)

assumes that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness

reinforcement theory

based on the notion that motivation is a function of behavioral consequences and not unmet needs

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design

goal-setting theory (Edwin Locke and Gary Latham)

employee-motivation approach that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable

voice

employees' upward expression of challenging but constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas on work-related issues to their managers

hygiene factors

factors associated with job dissatisfaction (such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy) all of which affect the job context or environment in which people work

motivating factors

factors associated with job satisfaction (such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement) all of which affect the job content or the rewards of work performance

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

false

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.

give rewards as soon as possible

stretch goals

goals beyond what someone actually expected to achieve

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

equity theory (J Stacey Adams)

in the area of employee motivation, the focus on how employees perceive how fairly they think they are being treated compared with others

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

relatedness

need to feel a sense of belonging, of attachment to others

competence

need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn different skills

autonomy

need to feel they have freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs

comparison

people compare the ration of their own outcomes to inputs against the ration of someone else's outcomes to inputs

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

personal and psychological development

needs

physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.

profit sharing

motivation

psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior

hierarchy of needs theory

psychological structure proposed by Maslow whereby people are motivated by five levels of needs: 1. physiological 2. safety 3. love 4. esteem 5. self-actualization

distributed justice

reflects the perceived fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement

interactional justice

relates to the "quality of the interpersonal treatment people receive when procedures are implemented"

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

sales commission

learning goal orientation

sees goals as a way of developing competence through the acquisition of new skills

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

skill variety

expectancy (effort-to-performance expectancy)

the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance

need for affiliation

the desired for friendly and warm relations with other people

need for achievement

the desired the excel, to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, to achieve excellence in challenging tasks

need for power

the desired to be responsible for other people, to influence their behavior or to control them

personal power (negative need)

the desired to dominate others, and involves manipulating people for one's own gratification

instrumentality (performance-to-reward expectancy)

the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired

inputs

the inputs that people perceive when give to an organization are their time, effort, training, experience, intelligence, creativity, seniority, status, and so on

institutional power (positive need)

the need to solve problems that further organizational goals

outputs or rewards

the outputs are the rewards that people receive from an organization: pay, benefits, praise, recognition, bonuses, promotions, status perquisites, and so on

extrinsic reward

the payoff, such as money, that a person receives from others for performing a particular task

procedural justice

the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions

intrinsic reward

the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing a task

valence

the value or the importance a worker assigns to a possible outcome or reward

process perspective

theories of employee motivation concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act: expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal-setting theory

content perspectives (need-based perspective)

theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people

two-factor theory (Frederick Herzberg)

theory that proposes that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different work factors; work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so0called hygiene factors

acquired needs theory (David McClelland)

theory that states that there are three needs (achievement, affiliation, and power) that are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace

expectancy theory (Victor Vroom)

theory that suggests that people are motived by two things: 1. how much they want something 2. how likely they think they are to get it

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful

four perspectives on motivation

1. content 2. process 3. job design 4. reinforcement

four motivational mechanisms of goal-setting theory

1. it directs your attention 2. it regulated the effort expended 3. it increase your persistence 4. it fosters use of strategies and action plans

Why managers want to motivate people

1. join organization 2. stay with organization 3. show up for work at the organization 4. be engaged while at organization 5. do extra work for the organization

simple model of motivation

1. unfulfilled need (desired is created to fulfill a need such as food, safety, recognition) 2. motivation (you search for ways to satisfy the need) 3. behaviors (you choose a type of behavior you think might satisfy the need) 4. rewards (two types of rewards satisfy needs; extrinsic or intrinsic) 5. feedback

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory