Chapter 12
The process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called
Correct Answer Blank 1: transcription
The process which uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize proteins is called _________
Correct Answer Blank 1: translation
Because a set of three nucleotide bases called a codon codes for a particular amino acid, the genetic code is said to be a _______ code
Correct Answer Blank 1: triplet
True or false: DNA can store information, can be replicated and can undergo rare changes.
True
Incorporating new nucleotides into DNA can provide it with the ability to code for a greater number of Multiple choice question. species. bases. carbohydrates. amino acids.
amino acids.
During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)
anticodon
Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called
pyrimidines
A biotechnology company named Synthorax has expanded the genetic alphabet by creating two new forms of ___________ called X and Y
nucleotides
Which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene? Multiple choice question. An mRNA pre-transcript A post-modification mRNA transcript The portion of the DNA strand with the gene
Correct Answer A post-modification mRNA transcript
What would the mRNA transcript's sequence be if a section of the DNA strand contained the sequence TATGCCCG?
Correct Answer AUACGGGC
What is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of thymines? Multiple choice question. Because DNA is only made of adenine or thymine, and they are complementary bases Because adenine pairs with guanine, and cytosine with thymine Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA
Correct Answer Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA
Why would the number of guanines in an organism's DNA be equal to its number of cytosines? Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA Because adenine pairs with guanine, and cytosine with thymine Because DNA is only made of cytosine or guanine, and they are complementary bases
Correct Answer Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA
How many binding sites for tRNA are found on a ribosome?
Correct Answer Blank 1: 3 or three
In the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either _________or _______
Correct Answer Blank 1: DNA Blank 2: protein
James Watson and Francis Crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as
Correct Answer Blank 1: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
f a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be
Correct Answer Blank 1: UUACGGGC
One modification to mRNA transcripts is the addition of a tail that is composed of the _________ nucleotide base
Correct Answer Blank 1: adenine or adenosine
A three-nucleotide sequence, in mRNA, that codes for a particular amino acid is called a .
Correct Answer Blank 1: codon
Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n) _________ ____
Correct Answer Blank 1: double Blank 2: helix
The polypeptide increases in size one amino acid at a time during the phase of translation called ______
Correct Answer Blank 1: elongation
The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called
Correct Answer Blank 1: exons
The production and usage of a gene's product is called gene
Correct Answer Blank 1: expression
DNA nucleotides come in different ___________ varieties.
Correct Answer Blank 1: four or 4
The first stage of translation, during which ribosomes assemble around mRNA is called
Correct Answer Blank 1: initiation
The first stage of translation, during which ribosomes assemble around mRNA is called _______
Correct Answer Blank 1: initiation
The three, major steps of translation (in order) are _________ ___________ and _____
Correct Answer Blank 1: initiation Blank 2: elongation Blank 3: termination
The building blocks of DNA are
Correct Answer Blank 1: nucleotides
DNA is composed of units called __________ , each of which contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases.
Correct Answer Blank 1: nucleotides or nucleotide
DNA is composed of units called _____________ , each of which contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases.
Correct Answer Blank 1: nucleotides or nucleotide
Taking pre-mRNA and changing it to a final mRNA transcript requires multiple steps of RNA_________ , like removal of introns.
Correct Answer Blank 1: processing
Adenine and guanine are nitrogen-containing bases called
Correct Answer Blank 1: purines
The process of copying a DNA molecule so that there are two copies of the same DNA is called DNA
Correct Answer Blank 1: replication
The codon near which the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the _______ codon.
Correct Answer Blank 1: start
To end translation a release factor binds to a ________ codon
Correct Answer Blank 1: stop
For a protein, gene expression requires in _________ the nucleus and ________ at the ribosome to take place.
Correct Answer Blank 1: transcription Blank 2: translation
Initiation occurs prior to elongation, both are part of the process of
Correct Answer Blank 1: translation
One modification to mRNA transcripts is the addition of a tail that is composed of the nucleotide base
Correct Answer Blank 1: translation
Select the choices indicating similarities between RNA and DNA.
Correct Answer Both are nucleic acids. Both contain 4 types of nucleotide bases. Both are polymers of nucleotides.
Which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? Multiple select question. Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule Both are semiconservative Both involve DNA polymerase Both have several origins of replication Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction
Correct Answer Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule Both are semiconservative Both involve DNA polymerase Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction
elect the choices indicating differences between RNA and DNA.
Correct Answer DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded only RNA contains the sugar "ribose" only RNA contains the base "Uracil"
The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called _______. Multiple choice question. DNA genesis translation transcription DNA replication
Correct Answer DNA replication
Which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?
Correct Answer DNA to RNA to protein
Which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick? Multiple select question. Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix Created the diffraction pattern of DNA. Deduced the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA Discovered that the amount of adenine was equal to that of thymine and that the amount of cytosine was equal to that of guanine
Correct Answer Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix Deduced the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA
What type of RNA is needed to begin translation?
Correct Answer Initiator tRNA
Which of the following would contain the most nucleotide bases, if all from the same eukaryotic gene?
Correct Answer Introns + exons
Which of the following are steps in DNA replication? Multiple select question. Translating mRNA into protein Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Transcribing DNA into a complementary RNA strand Unwinding the DNA double helix Complementary base pairing
Correct Answer Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Unwinding the DNA double helix Complementary base pairing
Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? Multiple select question. Only eukaryotes use DNA polymerase Only eukaryotes replicate the entire DNA molecule Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication The prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome Only eukaryotic cells display semiconservative replication Prokaryotes produce more than 2 daughter molecules per parent molecule
Correct Answer Prokaryotes have only one origin of replication The prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome
A triplet code for amino acids is made up of ______.
Correct Answer RNA nucleotides
What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new RNA molecule through nucleotide binding? DNA polymerase DNA reductase RNA polymerase RNA reductase
Correct Answer RNA polymerase
Who contributed to the determination of the shape of the DNA molecule through x-ray crystallography? Multiple choice question. Rosalind Franklin Francis Crick James Watson Erwin Chargaff Watson & Crick
Correct Answer Rosalind Franklin
Which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation? Small ribosomal subunit Messenger RNA Template DNA strand Large ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA
Correct Answer Small ribosomal subunit Messenger RNA Large ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA
If each codon were composed of only 1 nucleotide, how many amino acids are possible?
4
Which of the following are components of a nucleotide? Multiple select question. 5-carbon sugar Lipid and a protein Nitrogen-containing base Phosphate
Correct Answer 5-carbon sugar Nitrogen-containing base Phosphate
True or false: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase.
False
Which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking? Multiple select question. Storage of genetic information Able to undergo mutations Must be made of nucleic acids A stable molecule
Correct Answer Storage of genetic information Able to undergo mutations A stable molecule
What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?
Correct Answer Transcription from DNA
True or false: Prokaryotic DNA replication can occur either unidirectionally or bidirectionally
Correct Answer True
During the final stage of translation, a release factor binds to
Correct Answer a stop codon.
The two purines bases in DNA are: Multiple select question. cytosine adenine guanine thymine
Correct Answer adenine guanine
Which of the following are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes?
Correct Answer amino acid exit peptide
For genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _______________ in a protein. Multiple choice question. amino acids DNA RNA nucleic acids
Correct Answer amino acids
Which of the following are similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase? Multiple select question. both are types of proteins both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand both are used during the process of transcription both add DNA nucleotides to the new strand
Correct Answer both are types of proteins both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand
An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication ______. Multiple choice question. strand bubble circle arch
Correct Answer bubble
An anticodon is the compliment of the ______.
Correct Answer codon
Translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide during the _____ phase.
Correct Answer elongation
Scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. When they found it, they called it the: Multiple choice question. genetic code mendelian code biodiversity of life stimulus code
Correct Answer genetic code
Which of the following are post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA? Multiple select question. introns are taken out exons are taken out addition of a 5' cap addition of Poly-A tail
Correct Answer introns are taken out addition of a 5' cap addition of Poly-A tail
Directly after eukaryotic transcription, ________ molecules are processed.
Correct Answer mRNA
rRNA strands are transcribed from a template strand of DNA found in the _______.
Correct Answer nucleolus
RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase: Multiple select question. nucleotides are added to the 3' end a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction nucleotides are joined together a double helix is the final product
Correct Answer nucleotides are added to the 3' end a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction nucleotides are joined together
Which of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic mRNA transcript modifications?
Correct Answer occur with ribozymes occur with spliceosomes may occur through self-splicing
During the termination stage of translation a completed ______ is released.
Correct Answer polypeptide
Match the term with its definition.
Correct Answer pre-mRNA matches RNA that has not been processed yet exons matches RNA that will be used for translation introns matches RNA that will be removed before translation
During the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material? Multiple select question. RNA protein carbohydrate DNA lipid
Correct Answer protein DNA
Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA? remove noncoding regions remove mutated portions of the gene facilitate transport out of the nucleus protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes
Correct Answer remove noncoding regions facilitate transport out of the nucleus protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes
The two pyrimidine bases are: Multiple select question. thymine cytosine guanine adenine
Correct Answer thymine cytosine
Based on your understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology, match the following processes with the correct description.
Correct Answer transcription matches DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. translation matches RNA is used to produce protein. replication matches DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA.
What determines the sequence of an rRNA strand?
Correct Answer transcription from DNA template
Polypeptides are created during which process?
Correct Answer translation