Chapter 12

Abolitionists in the 1840s and 1850s made their issue more attractive to white Northerners by promoting a. limitations on the geographic expansion of slavery b. gradual emancipation for all slaves in the United States c. slave insurrections to convince plantation owners to end slavery d. a complete and immediate end to slavery in the United States

a

In 1843, Henry Highland Garnet advocated a. slaves rising in insurrection against their masters b. passive resistance c. the immediate freeing of slaves in all states d. gradual emancipation

a

In the 1820s, Americans were beginning to trickle into thinly populated California; in an effort to increase Mexican migration to that area, the Mexican government a. granted rachos- huge estates devoted to cattle raising- to new Mexican settlers b. built forts to stop further American squatting c. paid local Indians to discourage American settlers. d. posted guards along the California border

a

Mary Todd Lincoln a. came from a privileged, slaveholding family. b. traded a life of disrepute for a life of respectability upon marrying Abraham Lincoln. c. came from a poor and humble background. d. came from an average family and had little formal schooling

a

The "free labor" system touted in the North and West in the 1840s and 1850s affirmed an egalitarian vision of human potential, and proponents claimed that the system a. made it possible for hired laborers to become self-employers and property owners b. would lead to the gradual emancipation of slaves in the South c. opened up doors to even the least hardworking segments of the population d. gave slaves compensation for their labor

a

The Mexican-American War was called "Mr. Polk's War" by those who believed that a. Polk's aggression was an attempt to extend slavery. b. Polk had been in secret negotiations with the British to divide the west between two countries. c. Mexico was mistaken in claiming the boundary of Texas to be the Nueces River. d. Mexico didn't like Polk and was determined to keep Texas.

a

The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 advocated a. women's rights and suffrage. b. the abolition of slavery c. better sanitary conditions to curb the rising infant mortality rate. d. equal pay for women workers

a

The population increased greatly in Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois between 1830 and 1860 because a. the relatively treeless setting and rich soil made conditions favorable to farming b. the climate there was favorable to settlement c. the Indians of the Midwest were quick to cooperate with the settlers d. land was much less expensive than in other parts of the unsettled country

a

Transcendentalists believed that a. individuals should not conform to the materialistic world b. women should get the vote c. nature was the essence of contentment d. competition was good for the economy

a

America's impressive economic growth in the early nineteenth century tended to benefit a. native-born men and women over other groups b. native-born white men over other groups c. recently arrived immigrants d. anyone willing to work hard

b

Among the reasons why immigrants left their homelands for the United States in the 1840s and 1850s a. was a well-organized immigrant aid society in New England, which actively solicited immigrants in Europe to come work in the growing manufacturing sector. b. were famine and deteriorating economic conditions in their mother countries, along with the opportunities in America for skilled artisans c. was religious prosecution d. was a lack of available land for them to buy their homelands

b

In contrast to the Germans, Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s often a. were the most sought-after immigrant group because they got along well with the predominately Protestant population in the Northeast. b. entered at the bottom rung of the free-labor ladder as wage laborers or domestic servants c. worked as skilled artisans in the northwestern U.S. cities. d. lived up to the ideal of wage laborers who became independent, self-sufficient property holders.

b

Prior to emigrating west to the Great Salt Lake, Mormons a. were well received by each community they settled in. b. were persecuted by non-Mormons because of their religious practices and were forced to move on. c. settled in Arkansas, only to be burned out by locals. d. attracted members who shared their beliefs in the value of materialism and slavery.

b

The idea of manifest destiny gained considerable support because of a. competition between the two political parties b. the American people's strong desire for more land. c. unselfish and other-worldly idealism d. the aggressive tendencies of other nations

b

The most important factor behind the phenomenal American economic growth that occurred between 1840 and 1860 was a. an adequate supply of laborers b. an increase in agricultural productivity c. manufacturing d. a constant influx of immigrants

b

Unlike European manufacturers in the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers were spurred to invent labor-saving methods and devices because a. American colleges had superior engineering schools that encouraged innovation b. workers were in limited supply and thus more expensive c. the government offered tax incentives to new innovations and inventions d. workers were unreliable and lacked the work ethic needed for optimal production

b

When Mexico refused the Polk administration's offer to buy Mexico's northern territories, the reaction of the United States was to a. begin further negotiations that ultimately ended up in a stalemate b. realize that it would take military force to achieve manifest destiny c. accept Mexico's position wholeheartedly d. raise the offer to the point that Mexico would accept

b

Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas into the Union? a. Congress did not want to increase the number of Indians under its jurisdiction b. Texas would come into the Union as a slave state c. Congressional leaders refused to allocate money for annexation d. Most members feared an attack by English profiteers

b

A large influx of immigrants arrived in America between the years 1840 and 1860; three-fourths of them came from either a. Sweden or Norway b. England or Ireland. c. Germany or Ireland. d. Italy or Germany.

c

About 13,000 American soldiers died during the war with Mexico, a. and most of those died in the Alamo or at San Jacinto b. but there were fewer Mexican casualties c. and most died from causes other than combat wounds d. but far more Native Americans died

c

During the 1840s and 1850s, U.S. factories were able to become more productive because a. waterwheel technology improved. b. water and animal power had been phased out. c. stream engines began to be used as an energy source. d. the use of electricity became widespread.

c

How was President Polk able to add Oregon to U.S. holdings? a. He annexed it without the approval of the British b. He authorized military action and seized it. c. He renewed an old offer to divide Oregon along the forty-ninth parallel, and the British accepted. d. He recommended a continued joint occupation of the territory with Britain.

c

In 1845, New York Journalist and armchair expansionist John L. O'Sullivan coined the term "Manifest Destiny", by which he meant that a. Americans were destined by a higher power to create a worldwide empire b. America should expand into Canada and Mexico c. Americans had the God-given right to expand their superior civilization across the continent d. the United States should take advantage of economic turmoil in Europe to gain new markets.

c

In 1855, African American leaders saw their most notable success to date when a. blacks received voting rights in Massachusetts. b. slavery was abolished in Massachusetts. c. public schools were integrated in Massachusetts. d. gradual emancipation was approved in Massachusetts.

c

In addition to some miners, the Gold Rush in California benefited a. foreign interlopers b. government officials c. entrepreneurs who supplied the miners d. wage laborers.

c

Just prior to James K. Polk's taking office in 1845, President Tyler was successful in obtaining the annexation of Texas a. by secretly negotiating with Mexican officials. b. by sending John Slidell to Mexico to buy Texas its freedom from the Mexicans. c. through a joint resolution of congress offering Texas admission to the United States d. through Senate approval of a treaty to annex Texas

c

Members of the Oneida community a. abondoned the community after a year or two b. used the community as a haven for literary and artistic pursuits c. challenged sexual mores through the practice of complex marriage d. established a matriarchal social structure

c

One of the factors that fueled economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s was a. a decline in family size b. a decline in agricultural productivity that forced industrial growth c. the movement of Americans from farms to cities, where they found jobs working in factories d. better tariff rates with England

c

President Polk directed the war with Mexico personally; his strategy to win the war was a. to divide and conquer Mexico, beginning with the northern provinces b. called the "anaconda plan." c. To occupy Mexico's northern provinces and win a couple of major battles, after which Mexico would sue for peace d. to quickly defeat the Mexicans in the southern provinces and then take Mexico City.

c

The Gold Rush created a social environment that was a. prosperous but stagnant and isolated b. egalitarian, prosperous, and peaceful, but growing slowly. c. competitive, violent, and unhealthy, but growing rapidly d. extremely egalitarian and rapid growing

c

The increase in U.S. agricultural productivity in the 1840s and 1850s was fundamentally dependent on the a. increased yields per acre of cultivated land b. migration of eastern farmers c. federal government's generous land policy d. development of interchangeable parts

c

The increasing number of white settlers traveling west in wagon trains during the mid-1800s brought devastation to the Plains Indians because whites a. began killing off great herds of deer and antelope b. were determined to rid the West of all Indians c. brought with them alcohol and diseases like smallpox, measles, cholera, and scarlet fever d. were intent on annihilating all Indians they came in contact with

c

The migrants who settled on the Texas land granted to Stephen F. Austin by Mexico in the 1820s were a. Tejanos b. Irish Catholics who wanted land of their own c. Southerners who brought cotton and slaves with them d. New Englanders who were looking for a warmer climate.

c

Within ten years of arriving at the territory around the Great Salt Lake, the Mormon community a. abolished polygamy b. almost perished when faced with hunger and Indian attacks c. developed an efficient irrigation system and made the desert bloom through cooperative labor d. was dislodged by an invasion of U.S. troops

c

Agricultural productivity in the Midwest increased in the late 1830s partly because of a. waterwheels b. the invention of threshers c. the numbers of freed slaves eager for wage-earning work d. John Deere's steel plow

d

Behind the scenes, Harriet Tubman and other free blacks helped fugitive slaves escape from the South a. via a complex system of tunnels b. by procuring ships for their passage north c. by providing them with clothes and horses d. via the underground railraod

d

In 1829, Mexico outlawed the introduction of additional slaves in Texas because a. Santa Anna had a change of heart and decided that the area was better off undeveloped b. the Mexican government wanted to monopolize slave labor in Mexico c. it hoped to discourage any more American settlers from coming to the area d. the Texans were asking for independence

d

In the late 1840s and early 1850s massive numbers of immigrants poured into California seeking a. manifest destiny b. religious freedom c. open land for farming d. gold

d

Mexico's northern borderlands were vulnerable to American expansionists partly because a. many Native Americans secretly welcomed invaders from the United States. b. the rolling plains and pleasant climate of the Southwest enticed invading armies c. of the influence of Protestant missionaries d. of sparse populations and hostile Native Americans

d

Migration to Oregon a. was a positive experience for everyone b. encouraged political and social equality between men and women c. appealed to women more than men d. appealed to men more than women

d

President Polk's battle strategy misfired because a. Santa Anna surrounded the troops at Veracruz. b. he had no military experience c. U.S. soldiers deserted the army d. Mexico refused to trade land for peace

d

Texans gained their independence from Mexico in 1836 a. when Santa Anna surrendered after a bloodless coup b. when two-thirds of the inhabitants voted to establish the Lone Star Republic c. after U.S. government troops defeated Santa Anna's troops at the Alamo. d. only after fierce fighting and much bloodshed

d

The Mexican-American War ended with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, under the terms of which Mexico a. agreed that the Nueces River was the Texas boundary b. agreed to pay $15 million to American citizens for claims against it. c. agreed to give up Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Utah d. gave up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded the provinces of New Mexico and California to the United States.

d

The dominant issue in the 1844 presidential election campaigns was a. war with Mexico. b. the annexation of Oregon. c. Henry Clay's American System. d. the annexation of Texas.

d

The free-labor ideal affected attitudes toward education in mid-nineteenth century America because a. the desire for free labor discouraged working Americans from spending time in school b. classrooms provided another venue to denounce slave labor systems c. teachers were expected to work without wages d. education offered another opportunity for Americans to achieve their potential through hard work and self-discipline

d

The free-labor ideal of the 1840s and 1850s a. strengthened the abolition movement as the idea of freeing laborers caught on b. caused a ride in crime, because paying jobs were becoming more and more scarce c. closely mirrored the economic situation of the times. d. did not mesh with the economic inequalities of the times and led to a restless and mobile society

d

The group most outspoken in its opposition to war with Mexico were the a. Democrats b. Southerners c. Republicans d. Whigs

d

The growth of railroads in the 1850s a. was due almost entirely to federal rather than private funding b. caused enough pollution to seriously hamper agricultural productivity in the Midwest. c. brought to an end older forms of transportation such as stagecoach and horseback travel d. fostered iron production, coal production, and the telegraph industry

d

When westbound settlers asked the government for protection from the Plain Indians. the government responded by a. sending soldiers with each wagon train of settlers heading west b. sending army troops to round up all renegade Indians c. calling tribal meetings and chastising the Indians for attacking wagon trains d. building forts along the trail and adopting the policy of "concentration" in dealing with Indians

d

Why did politicians and editorialists oppose women's groups calling for the vote? a. They saw women as a possible voting bloc if women were given the vote b. They were afraid that if they gave women the vote, slaves would be be next in line. c. They felt that women would not be informed voters d. They thought women should stay home to raise their children and civilize their husbands.

d