Chapter 12
Happy people are helpful people, and their good mood comes from which of the following?
- success - love - happy thoughts
In Latané and Darley's (1968) famous "smoke-filled classroom" experiment, what was the independent variable?
How many people were in the room
In the Kitty Genovese case, 38 neighbors were awakened by her screams, ____ called the police, and ______ intervened until the attacker left.
- no one - no one
Which of the following is a common reason given for nations not to intervene in international catastrophes, even if it might cause genocide?
"It's not our responsibility."
The two social norms of altruism are ___________ and _____________.
- reciprocity - social responsibility
Latané and Darley reasoned that helping is inhibited as the number of bystanders increases because each bystander is less likely to:
- Interpret the incident as a problem - Notice the emergency - Take responsibility
Which of the following statements is true, in general?
- Women are more likely than men to help friends. - Men are more likely than women to help in dangerous situations.
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled classroom, when _____ most got up and investigated, but when _____ they did not move.
- alone - in groups of three
During wars, we are much more concerned with ______ than with those of ______.
- deaths on our side - the other side
The similarity bias applies to ____ and _________.
- dress - belief
Both ______ and ________ rewards can motivate helping.
- external - internal
The social-responsibility norm is shown when a person helps ______.
- his/her neighbor in need. - someone on crutches who drops a book - a stranger who was in a car wreck speeding to work
In Latané and Darley's 1968 study of the smoke-filled classroom, those alone noticed the smoke in ______. Those in groups noticed the smoke in ______.
- less than 5 seconds - about 20 seconds
"Social economics" describes human interactions as being based on an exchange of ________ and __________ goods.
- material - social
In social-exchange theory we seek to _________ and __________.
- minimize costs - maximize rewards
After visitors to the Portland Art Museum disobeyed a "Please don't touch" sign and were reprimanded, _______ offered to help another experimenter who had "accidentally" dropped something.
58 percent
Which is NOT likely to increase helping?
All increase helping.
How can we increase helping?
All listed answer choices increase helping - Enhance responsibility - Help people slow down and turn their attention outwards. - Reverse the factors that inhibit helping
Which of the following would be the best example of the idea of kin protection?
Donating your kidney to an identical twin
Which phenomenon has "exceptions to the rule," such as when feelings of anger or extreme grief don't lead to the predicted outcome?
Feel-bad/do-good phenomenon
Which of the following statements is false?
In an emergency, everyone acts the same.
Evolutionary psychology would NOT predict which of the following?
Jumping in front of a speeding car to save a stranger
According to research in the book, which of the actions below is LEAST likely to increase someone's happiness?
Keeping a reward for yourself
______ occurs when one omits certain people from one's circle of concern and results in exploitation and cruelty to those regarded as undeserving or nonpersons.
Moral exclusion
According to research, which group of people below is the most likely to help a stranger?
People who received a free gift within the last 20 minutes
Ally took me out to lunch for my birthday; therefore, I will take Ally out to lunch for her birthday. This is an example of which norm?
Reciprocity norm
Which of the following is NOT a reason that city people are less helpful than country people, according to the textbook?
Urban denial
Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, ______ of the people helped when only one other person was on the elevator.
about 40 percent
Men are more likely to help females than females are likely to help females, which may be explained by _________.
altruism AND mating behavior
Usually, when you feel bad, you do good, meaning you're more likely to help other people. Which emotion below is an exception to this rule?
anger
In regard to altruism, women are _____ to risk death as Holocaust rescuers, donate a kidney, or volunteer with the Peace Corps (when compared to men).
as likely, if not more likely
Typically, the rescuers and civil rights activists reported having warm relationships with _________ who was also a strong "moralist."
at least one parent
When we feel securely attached to another, or we vicariously experience the feelings of others, and put oneself in another's shoes, we are experiencing --- for the other.
empathy
An altruistic person ______.
cares for others and helps them even when there are no obvious benefits
In a _________ culture, a person would be more likely to help outside of his or her family or neighborhood circle.
collectivistic
When a parent suffers for their children, or one rejoices for their children's accomplishments. The parent is experiencing --- for the children.
empathy
One realistic way to deal with the ethics of Latané and Darley's bystander intervention experiments was to ______.
debrief the participants
The idea that the group size affects how likely people are to help someone else is called the ______ of responsibility.
diffusion
On Saturday morning, you heard a scream coming from your next door neighbor's house and ran over to check. In helping your neighbor, you lessened your own ______.
distress
In the _________________ after someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request.
door-in-the-face
The _________________ is effective in encouraging altruism through concern for self-image.
door-in-the-face
If you volunteer with Big Sisters and "feel better" because of this involvement, reward theory would explain your volunteering as ______.
egoism
People high in positive ______ are most likely to be helpful.
emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy
The vicarious experience of another's feelings is _________.
empathy
In consideration of Cialdini's (2003) experiment of modeling altruism, it would be more effective for a professor to ________.
emphasize those who do not cheat than to warn of the penalties of cheating
Viewing ___________ increased cooperation and helpfulness in preschool children from less educated homes.
episodes of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood
Women offered help --- often to men compared with women, whereas men offered more help to females than to males.
equally
One hundred percent of the participants in Latané and Darley's bystander intervention seizure experiment said that the use of deception was instructive and ______.
ethically justified
True or false: Feeling guilty decreases someone's willingness to help.
false
When we _____, we help others not out of our own distress but through genuine sympathy and compassion for the other.
feel empathy
Helping softens a bad mood and sustains a good mood. The idea that happy people are helpful people is called the ______ effect.
feel-good/do-good
Schindler's work in rescuing Jewish workers during the Holocaust can be explained by ______, or a progressive increase in helping via several steps that increase in size each time.
foot-in-the-door
Throughout recorded history, ______ has been a painful emotion that people avoid and seek to relieve
guilt
______ causes distress and is a negative emotion we act to reduce, sometimes by helping others.
guilt
--- boosts self-worth and explains why so many people feel good after doing good.
helping
Highly religious people reported ______.
higher rates of charitable giving, volunteering, and helping a stranger in the past month
We see smoke and look around to see whether anyone else is reacting. Although they "appear calm" to us, we presume that they can read our emotions and think and feel what we are. This is an example of ______.
illusion of transparency
Research suggests that giving to others will --- happiness.
increase
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of empathy-induced altruism?
increases competition
Which of the following is NOT a cost of empathy-induced altruism?
it leads to mental illness
--- selection is the idea of selective altruism toward one's close family members in order to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
kin
Match the theory and intrinsic helping format. Evolutionary
kin selection
We are most likely to help immediate family members. The explanation for our want to protect people with similar genes is called ______.
kin selection
Some religious teachings extend the reach of ______ altruism by encouraging people to think of strangers as "brothers and sisters."
kin-linked
The reason that we tend to help our family first, then neighbors, then others is summarized in the ________ norm.
kinship
According to kin selection theory, children will be ______ devoted to their parents than/as their parents are to them.
less
As the number of people aware of an emergency increases, any one person becomes ___________ likely to help.
less
Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, ______ of the people helped when there were six passengers on the elevator.
less than 20 percent
Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, leaders of the antislavery movement, and medical missionaries share at least one common trait, which is called ______.
moral inclusion
Studies have found that we are ______ likely to help someone of the same race when bystanders are present.
more
We are ______ likely to help someone similar to us, than someone who is different.
more
When people see a man and woman fighting, they are ___________ likely to intervene if the woman shouts "Get away from me; I don't know you," rather than "Get away from me; I don't know why I married you."
more
Same-race bias should appear only when failure to help can be attributed to ______ factors.
non-race
In Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton Theological Seminary, ______ of the participants stopped and helped the man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning when reminded that they were running late to a recording studio.
only 10 percent
According to evolutionary psychology, genetic selfishness predicts that we are most likely to help ________________.
our biological children
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled classroom, the group's _______ affected its members' interpretations.
passivity
Cialdini (2003) found that the best way to get people to follow national park rules like "don't remove petrified wood" is to tell people that
past visitors have left the wood alone
A(n) ______ approach when asking for help makes other people feel less anonymous and more responsible, and thus increases helping.
personal
Research shows that helping goes up if the person needing help introduces themselves by name and looks the other person in the eye. This kind of approach is increasing the ______ of the situation.
personalized appeal
We see smoke and look around to see whether anyone else is reacting. When they "appear calm" to us, we presume that there is not an emergency, due to ______.
pluralistic ignorance
One study found that people are more likely to stop and help someone change a flat tire if they saw someone else doing the same thing earlier on the road. This effect is due to ______.
prosocial modeling
Jorge stands next to a donation box for charity. When he sees someone approaching, he has his son put money in the box while the approaching person can see, hoping that the stranger will be more likely to donate. Jorge is using which idea below?
prosocial models
James helps Patricia on her homework. When James has trouble in school and Patricia fails to help him back, James gets angry because she "owed him." James is upset that Patricia is not engaging in ______.
reciprocity
The --- norm is an understanding if someone helps us, we should help them back.
reciprocity
When religious teachings of "brotherly and sisterly" love promote altruism, they increase helping by ______.
reducing group boundaries
Match the theory and intrinsic helping format. Social-exchange
relief from distress
We are more likely to help someone attractive to us. Businesses donate money to improve their image. We give rides thinking we may need one in the future. These are example of ________ bases.
reward
The do-good/feel-good effect refers to the effect of helping on ______.
self-worth
Someone in a _______ would be more likely to help another citizen fix a flat tire.
small town
--- capital is the support, trust, and cooperative actions that keep a community healthy.
social
Having neighbors keep an eye on your house while you're on vacation is an example of _______.
social capital
Which of the theories of altruism below suggests that helping is mostly motivated by external rewards?
social exchange
Match the theory and intrinsic helping format. Social norms
social-responsibility norm
The classic Christian illustration of altruism noted in the text is Jesus' parable of ______.
the Good Samaritan
According to research, a salesperson was given either a mood-inflating compliment or a mood-deflating criticism by a customer. Moments later, a different customer asked the salesperson for help finding a nonexistent item. The salesperson who received the mood boost made ______ effort to help.
the greatest
In numerous accounts of individuals being attacked or injured when no one helped, the one commonality was ______.
there were many bystanders
According to research regarding how group size affects how likely people are to help someone else, our likelihood of helping is highest when
we are the only person present
Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton found that ______ was the major factor explaining why some seminary students stopped and helped.
time
According to research, what level of religiosity is most likely to to be found in a person who gives to charity and helps with community organizations?
very high religiosity
"Moral inclusion" in situations such as helping during the Holocaust or the American antislavery movement meant that people with this trait were more likely to help those who ______.
were different from themselves
