Chapter 12

Negative reinforcement can be defined as: Stimulus _________________, contingent upon a response, which _________________ the future probability of that response.

Removed, increases

Which of the following could be maintained by negative reinforcement? a. Completing school work. b. Cleaning a bedroom c. Tantrums d. All of these

All of these

Which of the following is an example of free-operant avoidance? a. Jackie crosses the street when she sees Donna come around the corner on the next block so that she doesn't have to talk to her. b. Lavonda puts on a bicycle helmet when she rides her bike so that she doesn't hurt her head in the event that she falls off her bike. c. Nathaniel puts down the hurricane shutters on his Florida home when he hears that a tropical storm is approaching so that his windows do not get broken. d. All of these

All of these

The study by Rodgers and Iwata (1991) that analyzed the effects of positive reinforcement, error correction procedures, and an avoidance procedure demonstrated that:

Error correction procedures may produce learning, at least in part, due to an avoidance contingency.

The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is:

In an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?

Jo is sitting near a window at Starbucks having a cup of coffee. The sun is streaming in the window, and it is too warm for Jo-she is beginning to perspire. Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady. The next time Jo goes to Starbucks, she sees the sun shining in the window again and sits in the chair in the shade instead.

The potential side effects (e.g. crying, running away) of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with:

Punishment

Unlike assessments for identifying positive reinforcers, assessments for negative reinforcers must place equal emphasis on _______________ as well as the consequence events for target behavior.

The EO or antecedent event

Mary Jo decides to implement a negative reinforcement intervention with one of her students, Anjali, to increase the amount of work Anjali completes. Mary Jo tells Anjali, if you complete 15 math problems today (Monday), you don't have to do your math worksheet on Friday. What is one problem that might arise with this intervention?

The stimulus change following the occurrence of target behavior is not immediate.

An unconditioned reinforcer: a. Is one that began as a neutral stimulus. b. Acquired its aversive qualities by being paired with another aversive stimulus. c. Is one that strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning. d. Can be thought of as an inherited negative reinforcer.

Third and fourth choices c. Is one that strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning. d. Can be thought of as an inherited negative reinforcer.

The textbook describes a study by Ahearn and colleagues (1996), in which negative reinforcement was used to increase food acceptance in children. In this example, during baseline, bite acceptances produced access to toys and bite refusals produced removal of the spoon (negative reinforcement). During the intervention, bite refusals no longer produced removal of the spoon. Instead, the spoon was only removed if a bite was accepted. As soon as a bite was accepted and every time a bite was accepted, the spoon was briefly removed. Which factors that are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement are illustrated in this example?

a. The stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior was immediate. b. The difference in stimulation prior to and after the response occurred was large. c. The occurrence of the target response consistently produced escape. d. Reinforcement was unavailable for competing responses. ALL OF THESE

Ethical concerns about the use of negative reinforcement stem from: a. Having to deprive the individual of positive reinforcement for an extended period of time. b. The presence of antecedent aversive stimuli in the individual's environment. c. The potential for creating a context that generates undesired behaviors. d. The presentation of aversive stimuli contingent upon a target behavior displayed by an individual. e. Second and third choices.

second and third choices: b.the presence of antecedent aversive stimuli in the individual's environment c.the potential for creating a context that generates undesired behaviors